Test Review New France 1.4 – 2.3

I.4 First Contact 1. What event motivated Europeans to start searching for a new route to Asia in the late 1400s? Turkish armies were blocking the land route to Asia. They had captured Constantinople. 2. Identify two other motivation for early explorers? Find gold & riches Find land Spread Christianity Power Fame

Fish– Most Catholics ate fish every Friday 3. What land did Christopher Columbus claim for Spain? Caribbean 1492 4. Who discovered the abundance of fish on the eastern coast of North America? When? John Cabot 1497 5. What two resources were initially exploited in New France? Why were they in demand? Fish– Most Catholics ate fish every Friday Whales – blubber oil was used light lamps

6. The French and the Natives developed a mutually beneficial trade relationship in the 1500s. Identify the products each group gained from each other. Natives Obtained French Obtained Glass beads Axes Knives Hammers Nails clothing FURS

Native trade networks were disrupted 7. Give specific reasons of how the fur trade impacted native populations. Explain. Natives gradually abandoned traditional practices to obtain more furs for Europeans: Copper pots replaced traditional wood pottery Algonquin began replacing their primary diet of game with agricultural products Mi’maq gave up fishing for European foods Native trade networks were disrupted Environment was abused by Europeans More warfare between Native groups

8. What are 3 reasons for why France sent Jacques Cartier to explore? To find a new route to Asia To claim land for the King To find gold and riches 9. When were his three voyages? 1534 1535 1541

10. What was Cartier’s most important accomplishment? Claimed land for the King of France in North America 11. When did Cartier make first contact with the natives? On his first voyage in 1534 12. What two things was Cartier hoping to achieve on his 3rd voyage to New France? To establish a colony (populate, develop) Evangelize the natives

13. Why did Cartier fail to set up a colony? France’s preoccupation with the war in Europe Disagreements with Roberval Cartier left with what he thought were riches Conflict with the natives Inability to attracts settlers due to the long voyage, harsh climate, conflicts with the natives… 14. With which native groups did the French form an alliance in 1603? Who became the enemy of this alliance? Alliance:Maliseet, Innu and Algonquin Enemy: Iroquois

Consequence: In consequence: 16. Explain how the Europeans’ exploitation of resources in the territory of North Amercia during the 16th and 17th centuries affected the way of life of Native peoples. Your answer must provide details on each of the elements below and establish connections between them. Event: European fishermen came to shores of North America to fish and whale during the 16th century. Relations: They met the Aboriginal people and traded European goods (axes, hammers, nails…)for furs. Consequence: In consequence: the First Nations started using European goods (knives, hammers, axes, alcohol…) many adopted Christianity Wars broke out causing many deaths They gradually abandoned their traditional practices (fishing, hunting large game, using bark wood pottery)

2.1 Colonization of New France 1. What policy shaped France’s economy in the 17th century? How can this policy be applied to the fur trade? Policy: Mercantilism Application to the fur trade: Colonies send their furs to the mother country The mother country uses the furs to make coats and hats Coats and hats were sold for profit

2. Identify the difference between a settlement colony and a trading colony. Few people Temporary population Used to trade raw materials Exploit raw materials Many colonists Permanent

3. Who established the first permanent settlement in New France 3. Who established the first permanent settlement in New France? What was it called? Where was it located? Who: Samuel de Champlain When: 1608 Name: L’Habitation Location: Quebec 4. The French expanded their alliance with the natives to include the Huron – Wendat in 1616. What did the French promise their native alliance in exchange for furs? To wage war against their enemy, the Iroquois

2.2 New France from 1627-1663 1. Why did holders of a fur trade monopoly have such little interest in populating the colony? No need for French labour because Natives brought them furs Posts needed few people to operate Expensive to bring settlers 2. In what year was the Company of 100 Associates created? In exchange for a fur trade monopoly, what obligations did they have to the state? Created in 1627 Promised to populate the colony and evangelize the Natives

4. What is the Seigneurial system? When was it established? 3. What is the Treaty of Saint – Germain – en - Laye? When was it signed? Signed in 1632 New France was returned under control of France – after being captured by the English 4. What is the Seigneurial system? When was it established? System used to organize the territory and society in New France Established in 1627

6. Identify two obligations of the seigneurs and the censitaires. 5. Seigneurs of New France came from diverse backgrounds. Give some examples. Military officers Religious orders Nobles bourgeoisie 6. Identify two obligations of the seigneurs and the censitaires. Seigneurs Loyalty to the king Grant land to censitaires Build and maintain flour mill Reserve metal ores and oaks for the king Give 1/5 of value to the king if seigneury was sold Keep the state informed of affairs in the seigneury Censitaires Work the land Pay an annual rent in money or produce Pay for using the flour mill with produce 3 days unpaid labour to the seigneur Maintain public roads on their land

7. How was the territory organized under the seigneurial system 7. How was the territory organized under the seigneurial system? Why was it laid out that way? Seigneuries were laid out perpendicular to the St. Lawrence river Reason: To give maximum number of people easy access to water for crops 8. What was the main goal of the church in New France? What strategies did they use to achieve them? Jesuits/Missionaries were sent to evangelize the Natives Strategies: Encouraged settlement of the colony so Catholics could model Christian living to the Natives Established missions – some took the form of villages for native people who were referred to as domicilies Lived amongst the natives & learnt their customs and language

9. What did Paul de Chomeday de Maisonneuve establish in New France in 1642? Ville- Marie (Montreal) 10. Who established the first hospital in New France? What was it called? Jeanne Mance Hotel de Ville

11. Who was the first bishop of New France 11. Who was the first bishop of New France? What did he use to communicate his instructions to his parishioners? Francois de Laval Pastoral letters

12. How did the Iroquois wars impact the Huron- Wendat population? The wars led to the disappearance of the Huron – Wendat (the disappearance of Huronia) 13. How did the fur trade impact the territory of New France? Searching for new sources of furs led to an expansion of the territory

15. What is native acculturation? Give an example. 14. What primary factor led to the decrease in the Native population in New France? Primarily disease war 15. What is native acculturation? Give an example. Natives gradually adopting European culture Example: Natives began using iron tools, adopting Christian religion, using axes and knives…..

16. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced 16. How was New France’s population demographically imbalanced? Explain why. New France was made up of mostly men Men were attracted to New France for the fur trade 17. Describe the economy of New France during this time period in one sentence. The economy of New France was based primarily on one economic activity – the fur trade

2.3 New France from 1627 - 1663 1. What were the objectives in establishing Royal government in New France? Populating New France Diversifying the economy 2. What is absolutism? How did the King ensure that the colonists of New France recognized his authority The belief that the King received his power from God The King placed symbols of his authority, such as the coat of arms and self-portraits, throughout the colony (public places)

3. Complete the dagram of the royal government by indicating which actor the following statements apply. KING D D KING MINISTER OF THE MARINE GOVERNOR GENERAL INTENDANT MILITIA CAPTAIN MINISTER OF MARINE a B B E SOVEREIGN COUNCIL GOVERNOR GENERAL INTENDANT A, F C, G, J MILITIA CAPTAIN H, I

4. What two groups of men could be called on to defend the colony? Soldiers Militiamen 5. What military regiment was sent to New France in 1665? Carignan - Salieres

6. What treaty officially put an end to the Iroquois wars 6. What treaty officially put an end to the Iroquois wars? What year was it signed? Describe it. Great Peace of Montreal 1701 Signed by 40 nations using totem animals Officially put an end to Iroquois wars

7. Who was sent to New France to increase the population 7. Who was sent to New France to increase the population? What was his position? Who: Jean Talon Position: Intendent 8. Among the following statements, check those that correspond to measures implemented by the French state to increase the population of New France. B. The king granted an annual sum of money to parents who had 10 living children or more. C. The king gave certain prisoners and smugglers the right to settle in New France. E. The state offered officers from the Carignan Salieres regiment the chance to become seigneurs.

9. What was France’s objective in sending the Filles du Roy to New France? To have the orphan girls get married, have children and reduce the demographic imbalance in New France 10. Jean Talon’s policy encouraged immigration to New France. Give 3 examples of immigrant groups and explain.

11. What was the main demographic factor that caused a population increase in the 17th century? natural increase 12. Consult the pages below to describe the challenges in New France’s economy in the 17th and 18th century and how the colonial authorities responded. You must provide details on each of the elements below and establish connections between them. establish connections between them. An economic problem in New France: The economy of New France was based primarily on the fur trade Actions taken by the authorities: Jean Talon developed the shipping industry in New France The success of diversification: The attempts at diversification were not successful, since the economy was still largely based on the fur trade. The mother country provided little support due to its mercantilist policy