Monobenzyl Ether of Hydroquinone and 4-Tertiary Butyl Phenol Activate Markedly Different Physiological Responses in Melanocytes: Relevance to Skin Depigmentation

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Monobenzyl Ether of Hydroquinone and 4-Tertiary Butyl Phenol Activate Markedly Different Physiological Responses in Melanocytes: Relevance to Skin Depigmentation Vidhya Hariharan, Jared Klarquist, Mary J. Reust, Amy Koshoffer, Mark D. McKee, Raymond E. Boissy, I. Caroline Le Poole Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 130, Issue 1, Pages 211-220 (January 2010) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.214 Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Cytotoxicity of monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH) and 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP) toward cutaneous cells. Epidermal foreskin-derived melanocytes Mf0814 P5, Mf0932 P2, Mf0883 P3, and Mf0929 P3 with respective melanin contents of 55.0, 10.7, 8.1, and 28.4pg per cell, fibroblasts (Ff0201 P4) and keratinocytes (Kf0180 P14) were treated with 250, 500 and 900μM of 4-TBP (a) or MBEH (b) for 24hours. The percent viability was calculated through MTT assays. Mean and SD were calculated and statistical significance was evaluated by Student's t-test. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 for melanocyte viability in comparison with keratinocytes after 250 and 500μM treatment of 4-TBP and MBEH treatment. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 211-220DOI: (10.1038/jid.2009.214) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Annexin-V staining of monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH)- and 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP)-treated cells. Melanocytes were treated with 500 or 900μM of 4-TBP or MBEH (solid line) or vehicle alone (gray line) for 1hour. FACS analysis of annexin-V staining, gating out PI-stained (dead) cells, showed that 4-TBP but not MBEH-induced apoptotic cell death. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 211-220DOI: (10.1038/jid.2009.214) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in MBEH and 4-TBP-treated cells. Melanocytes were treated with 500 or 900μM of 4-TBP or MBEH for 1hour and analyzed for (a) caspase-3 activity, (b) cleavage of caspase-3, and (c) PARP cleavage. (a) Caspase-3 activity (nanomoles per milligram per hour) was quantified based on the amount of fluorescence emitted on cleavage of the substrate Ac-DEVD-AFC. Statistical significance at *P<0.05 was observed for caspase-3 activity after 900μM treatment of 4-TBP over vehicle treatment. (b) Cleavage of caspase-3 identified through western blotting revealed no caspase-3 cleavage after MBEH treatment, whereas 4-TBP treatment does induce cleavage of pro-caspase (32kD) into active caspase (11kD). (c) Treatment with 4-TBP treatment induced cleavage of PARP (116kD) into inactive PARP (89kD), whereas MBEH treatment did not induce PARP cleavage. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 211-220DOI: (10.1038/jid.2009.214) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Analysis of necrotic changes. (a) Morphological changes in melanocytes treated with 1mM 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP) or monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH) or vehicle alone for 1hour were evaluated by electron microscopy. Vehicle-treated cells show intact plasma membranes (arrows) and nuclear membranes (asterisks). 4-TBP treatment induced apoptotic changes, including cytoplasmic vacuolarization (filled arrowheads), plasma membrane blebbing (open arrow heads), and formation of apoptotic bodies (carrot symbol). MBEH treatment induced necrotic changes consisting of plasma membrane (arrows) and cytoplasmic disintegration. Bars=2μm. (b) Western blot analysis of melanocyte (Mf0930 P2) supernatant to detect High Mobility Group Box-1 protein (HMGB1) after treatment with 900μM of 4-TBP or MBEH for 1hour. Release of HMGB1 was identified after MBEH treatment alone. Serum albumin bands observed in the respective supernatants were shown to demonstrate equal loading. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 211-220DOI: (10.1038/jid.2009.214) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 DNA fragmentation within monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH)- or 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP)-treated skin. Apoptosis was shown in confocal microscopic images of explant cultures exposed to 5μl of 250mM 4-TBP or MBEH for 24hours. Vehicle treatment alone served as control. Melanocytes immunostained with antibodies to MART-1 were shown in red and DNA fragmentation was represented in green. Nuclear counterstaining by DAPI was observed in blue. Colocalization of all three colors is visible in white. Vehicle- and MBEH-treated skin sections lacked DNA fragmentation in the basal epithelial layer, whereas 4-TBP treatment showed melanocytes expressing DNA fragmentation. Bar=20μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 211-220DOI: (10.1038/jid.2009.214) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Role of pigmentation in monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH)-mediated death. (a) Melanocytes were treated with 500μM of 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP) or MBEH for 24hours and cell viability was quantified through MTT assays. Melanocyte viability was correlated with baseline cellular melanin content. (b) The baseline expression levels of TRP-1, tyrosinase, and TRP-2 were quantified by FACS analysis. Expression levels of melanogenic enzymes reported for individual melanocyte cultures were arranged according to increasing melanocyte viability on MBEH exposure from left to right. The melanin content of each melanocyte culture was reported in picogram per cell underneath the culture name. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 211-220DOI: (10.1038/jid.2009.214) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Melanosomal marker analysis in cultured melanocytes. Melanocytes (Mf0639 P6) were treated with 250μM of 4-TBP or monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH) for 72hours. The cells were stained for expression of TRP-1, TRP-2 and tyrosinase, and the expression levels were quantified by FACS analysis. (a) Histogram showing representative FACS staining for tyrosinase and (b) bar graph indicating relative expression levels of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase (TYR), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) compared with vehicle-treated cells. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 211-220DOI: (10.1038/jid.2009.214) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Melanosomal marker analysis in ex vivo organotypic cultures. Explant skin cultures were treated with 250mM of 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP) or monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH) for 24hours. Vehicle treatments alone served as controls. The vertical columns represent respective treatments and the immunohistochemistry images representing expression levels of tyrosinase, TRP-2, TRP-1, gp100, MART-1, and Bcl-2 are shown in horizontal columns. Sections representing 4-TBP treatment revealed markedly downregulated levels of melanosomal markers as well as of Bcl-2, whereas MBEH treatment slightly upregulated the levels of expression of all markers studied by melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. Bar=75μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130, 211-220DOI: (10.1038/jid.2009.214) Copyright © 2010 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions