BELLWORK: 12/12 Last bellwork of 2018!  What did the absolute monarchs (Elizabeth, Peter, Louis) have in common? Even though the Reformation was about changing church power, it had major political effects as well. What were they? Describe! What is philosophy? What might a philosopher from the Renaissance write about? THINKER: Brainstorm a list of things you know about the U.S. government. (How is it set up? Branches? People? Etc.)

Challenges to Absolute Monarchies Enlightenment Challenges to Absolute Monarchies

Origins of Enlightenment As a result of the Renaissance mindset, changes to church power & new scientific discoveries, people began to question other things…like their government! European philosophers began debating the question of who should govern a nation. These questions led to the Enlightenment period in Europe! This period forever changed the governments of Europe and their empires. What type of government would represent me? Are absolute monarchs the best way of governing or should their power be limited? What rights/freedoms should be protected by my government?

The Enlightenment The period of political change in Europe from ~1600 – 1800 Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of reason to solve the problems of humans Challenged church and state authorities.

John Locke The government should be limited and uphold people’s natural rights, and if did not, people could rebel Created concept of “inalienable” natural rights--life, liberty and property (everyone had these!)

Thomas Hobbes Believed people were naturally corrupt and violent, and could only be controlled by a monarchy Est. monarchy but limit absolutism Social Contract- People give up rights and personal freedoms in exchange for protection from ruler

Baron de Montesquieu Power should be divided between people or branches of government (NOT absolute) This created a balance of power in which all branches “check” power of the others Checks & Balances

Today, our government has three branches based on this idea: Executive, Judicial, Legislative

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Believed man was naturally good, but corrupted by society Right to rule rested with the people and should rule for the common good Supported and influenced idea of democracy

Voltaire Believed an “enlightened monarchy” was the best form of government, but should be limited with a Bill of Rights Inspired England’s Bill of Rights! Bill of Rights & Magna Carta both designed to limit the powers of monarchs! Helped implement concepts of personal freedoms – speech, press and religion; right to private property

Voltaire “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it” Analyze this quote by Voltaire. What is he saying? What is he advocating? Why?

Closure Discussion Think of 5 things from the Enlightenment Era that are present in America’s government.

Fall Final Reminders Final Study Guide = 80 points!!! Historical Vocabulary: 36 terms Important People: 18 people Study Questions: 16 questions (2-3 points each!) Final Exam = 15% of Fall Semester Grade Fall Final Essay  Cause & Effect Friday December 14th! Fall Final Exam  62 MC questions (w/ sources) & 13 countries The LAST day to turn in any late/missing work is MON. 12/17! I will also collect bathroom passes!

World History Fall Study Guide 36 Vocabulary Words (Must define AND explain it’s importance) BAD example: Humanism was a Renaissance value that encouraged people to study the humanities and become well-rounded GOOD example: Humanism was a Renaissance value that encouraged people to study the humanities (history, philosophy), use reason/logic, and focus on classical Greece & Rome. This was communicated in art & literature from the time and encouraged people to be well-rounded and think for themselves. 16 important people (Must describe AND explain their importance) BAD example: Julius Caesar was the leader of Rome; assassinated GOOD example: Julius Caesar was the last leader of the Roman republic. While in power, he implemented reforms (public works projects, food for the poor, citizenship), but the Senate thought he was a dictator and made plans to assassinate him. This event marked the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. 16 review questions Range from 2-3 points  Answer all parts of question! Be descriptive! May bullet point, list, draw charts/graphs, etc. On map, label key nations of study

Fall Final: Geography Portion You will be asked to identify key countries of study during the fall semester. Label countries of study from: Early Civilizations Middle Ages Renaissance and Reformation You may label these directly on the study guide!

Fall Final Essay: Cause & Effect Thesis WRONG: RIGHT: There are many causes and effects of Reformation. In this essay, I will explain the causes and effects of Reformation. Since the Catholic Church did bad things, they went through a Reformation period. After this period, they changed a lot of their practices. The corruption of the church was characterized by the sale of indulgences, power of the clergy and use of the Inquisition. These abuses of power led to the Reformation period which made indulgences illegal, translated the bible, and separated church and state.