Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia SOCIOPRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF COMPLIMENTS AND COMPLIMENT RESPONSES: THE CASE OF AMERICAN AND INDONESIAN IDOL by Didi Sukyadi Fiftinova Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Background Cultures and gender are suspected to influence the nature of compliments presented. American and Indonesian Idols are entertainment programs in which compliments to distant relationship frequently happen. Different from traditional format, in Indonesian and American Idol, judgment is explicitly given.

Compliments: theories are influenced by social status from someone higher in position goes in the form of encouragement From someone lower in position tends to be in the form of appearance

Gender differences Women are frequent recipient possession of compliments regardless of their status. Holmes (1988) states that women give and receive significantly more compliments to each other than they do to men or men do to each other

Compliments are used: for establishing solidarity, replacing greetings or apologies, opening and sustaining conversation, or reinforcing desired behavior. to soften face-threatening acts such as apologies, requests and especially criticism (Brown & Levinson 1978).

Responding to compliments can be verbal and nonverbal behavior (facial expression, gesture, or body language) such as smiles (Holmes, 1987). In Indonesian culture smile shows pleasure, acceptance, friendliness and situation-shooting. In American culture it shows friendliness. Verbal compliment responses may include acceptance, rejection, mitigation, no response, and request interpretation

Methodology Population: American Idol season 7 and Indonesian Idol season 5 both the commentators and the contestants. Participants: 3 commentators of each program (American and Indonesian Idols) and the top 8 contestants (4 males and 4 females) Length of observation: two weeks of performance. Data: all utterances of the commentators and the competitors. Source of Data: from the recorded video which was downloaded from www.i-tune.com and from watching and audio taping the show every Friday on 8 p.m. in RCTI. Non-verbal behavior such as smile, body language and gestures that support the compliments and responses were observed and noted.

Findings American tends to give more compliments and more expressive than their Indonesian counterparts. Country N Ration American Indonesian 170 81 2 1

Expressiveness American Commentators Indonesian Commentators All right. You know this is great, man. This is a good moment for you and me, you know why? (Why) I think this is the best I’ve heard you sing including when your audition. I think that is the best you sounded to us. I think it was stellar, I think it was unbelievable, I’m shock! I’m loving it. Yes…yes…you got another competitor in the competition. Suaranya industri banget. Suaranya kalo direkam asyik.

Types of Compliments Most of commentators gave compliments to the contestant’s ability such as “Great performance”, “You’re fantastic” or “That was the best performance I’ve ever heard”. The emergence of two other topic compliments (appearance and personality) was not so often used by the speakers because Idols program is merely a singing competition. This reality is different from daily life context in which the topic of appearance will come first.

No difference in compliment topic Types of Compliments American Indonesian Appearance 7 (4.1%) 6 (7.4%) Skills 161 (94.7%) 72 (88.9%) Personality 2 (1.2%) 3 (3.7%) TOTAL 170 81

Topics of Compliments American Indonesian The way of choosing song Quality of performance Singing technique Voice quality Star potential Emotion Performance quality Stage act Progress Reflection Star potentials

Appearance Female American commentators offer more compliments on appearance Male American commentators seldom give comments of one’s appearance but on contestant’s ability. Female American commentator compliments not only woman’s appearance (“You look beautiful”) but also man’s appearance (“I like your hair cut”).

Compliment response:Indonesian Indonesian people have a tendency to accept compliments. “Thank You” (Appreciation Token) “Okay, okay” (Comment Acceptance); “Saya akan berusaha keras lagi (Comment Acceptance); “Ini yang saya nanti-nanti” (Comment Acceptance). ”Gara-gara Mas Andy Riyanto, keren banget aransemennya” (Comment History). smile and gestures when responding to compliments.

Compliment responses: American They did not choose acceptance only (“Thank You”). reject (“I thought no, that’s not good”), give return (“Your hair looks great Paula”) give no response. Similar to Indonesian, more expressive nonverbal gestures found in American Idol are smiling, jumping, punching hands, or other kinds of body language.