Tao Lin, Catherine Horsfield, Michael G. Robson Kidney International

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Arteriovenous fistula in the rat tail: a new model of hemodialysis access dysfunction Tao Lin, Catherine Horsfield, Michael G. Robson Kidney International Volume 74, Issue 4, Pages 528-531 (August 2008) DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.207 Copyright © 2008 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Formation of arteriovenous fistulae. (a) A lateral incision was made and the lateral tail vein was mobilized. A fine suture is shown by the arrow. This was used to tie off the vein before cutting it and transposition. The large suture was used to prevent blood flow through the vein during surgery and was released after the anastomosis was made. (b) Through a ventral incision, the ventral artery was located in its sheath and mobilized before clamping. (c) After transposing the cut lateral tail vein to bring the end to the side of the ventral artery, the anastomosis was made. Arrows indicate the vein and the artery above the anastomosis. Kidney International 2008 74, 528-531DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.207) Copyright © 2008 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Appearance of fistula vein. After 28 days, the dilated fistula vein was clearly visible through the skin of the tail, and is shown here after dissection under anesthesia. The vein and the artery are indicated by arrows. Kidney International 2008 74, 528-531DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.207) Copyright © 2008 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Representative histology is shown. A mature neointimal lesion is shown in a PAS-stained section, indicated by an arrowhead (a), and an EVG-stained section (b) to show the internal elastic lamina. This is indicated by an arrow, with the neointimal lesion indicated by an arrowhead. (c) Smooth muscle actin-positive cells were found in the mature neointimal lesions. (d, e, and f) PAS-, EVG-, and smooth muscle actin-stained sections for an immature cellular lesion. Arrowheads indicate the neointimal lesion in panels d and e, and the internal elastic lamina is indicated by an arrow in panel e. Kidney International 2008 74, 528-531DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.207) Copyright © 2008 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions