REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

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Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics

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Presentation transcript:

REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

ALKANES Combustion (Extreme Oxidation) Alkane + O2  CO2 + H2O Substitution (with halides) alkane + halogen  haloalkane +hydrogen halide CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2  CH2Cl2 + HCl Cracking larger alkane  (2) smaller alkanes + alkenes CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3  CH3-CH3 + CH2=CH2 Reforming straight chain alkane  branched alkane

Preparation of Alkanes Inorganic Calcium acetate + calcium hydroxide  2 calcium carbonate + 2 methane Organic (Hydrogenation of Alkenes) Alkene + hydrogen  alkane CH2= CH2 + H2  C2 H6

ALKENES 1. Addition Reactions (breaking of the  bond) A) Halogenation (adding halides) alkene + halogen  haloalkane B) Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen) alkene + hydrogen  alkane CH2=CH2 + H2  CH3CH3

C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides) alkene + hydrogen halide  haloalkane D) Hydration (adding water) alkene + water  alcohol Hydrohalogenation and hydration follow Markovnikov’s Rule which states that the hydrogen is added to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms originally bonded to it.

2. Combustion (extreme oxidation) Alkene + O2  CO2 + H2O 3. Polymerization (forming long chains from small subunits) Preparation of Alkenes The Dehydration of Alcohols (reverse of 1 D) alcohol  alkene + water

ALKYNES 1. Addition Reactions (breaking of the  bond) A) Halogenation (adding halides) alkyne + 2 halogens  haloalkane B) Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen) alkyne + 2 hydrogen  alkane CHCH + 2 H2  CH3CH3 C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides) alkyne + 2 hydrogen halides  haloalkane * Remember Markovnikov’s Rule *

C) Hydrohalogenation (adding hydrogen halides) alkyne + 2 hydrogen halides  haloalkane 2. Reaction as an Acid ethyne + sodium  sodium ethanide + hydrogen 2 HCCH + Na  2 HCC –1 Na+1 + H2 * heavy metal ethanides can be explosive

Preparation of Ethyne Inorganic (limestone + coal) Ca CO3  CaO + CO2 CaO + 3 C  Ca C2 + CO Ca C2 + H2O  HCCH + CaO