THE INFINITIVE FORM Present Inf.: to work , to do Present Continuous Inf.: to be working Perfect Inf: to have worked Perfect Continuous Inf.: to have been working Present Inf. Passive: to be done Perfect Inf. Passive: to have been done

USES OF THE INFINITIVE Subject of a sentence The object of a verb To lean out of the window is dangerous To save money now seems impossible The object of a verb His plan is to keep the affair secret He wants to pay He wants to know how to do it She didn’t know what to do.

USES BE+INF.: to express commands or instructions No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police. ( no one must leave) He is to stay here till we return (he must stay)

USES He went to France to learn French They stopped to ask the way. To express purpose He went to France to learn French They stopped to ask the way. He sent Tom to the shop to buy bread

USES After certain adjectives I was depressing to find the house empty It’s awful to be alone in such a place It’s boring to do the same thing every day It was impossible to study at home

The Perfect Infinitive FORM to have + past participle e.g, to have worked, to have spoken

THE PERFECT INFINITIVE USE WITH AUXILIARY VERBS

The Perfect Infinitive Used after was/were: The house was to have been ready today (but it isn’t) To express an unfulfilled plan or arrangement

The Perfect Infinitive With would, should, might, could If I had seen her I should have invited her. To form the perfect conditional

The Perfect Infinitive With should and ought to: He should have helped her.(but he didn’t) I shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have lied to him (but I did) To express unfulfilled obligation; or, in the negative, a foolish or wrong action

The Perfect Infinitive With should/would like He would like to have seen it (but it wasn’t possible) OR He would have liked to see it NO CHANGE IN MEANING To express an unfulfilled wish

The Perfect Infinitive With could I could have made a lot of money. (but I didn’t) To express past unused possibility

The Perfect Infinitive With may/might/could He may/might have left= It is possible that he (has)left. You might/could have been killed! He could have phoned her. [perhaps he (has)phoned] Speculations about past actions

The Perfect Infinitive with might/could He might/could have told me = I am annoyed that he didn’t tell me To indicate that the speaker feels upset or indignant at the non-performance of an action

The Perfect Infinitive With can’t/couldn’t He can’t/couldn’t have moved the piano himself We knew he couldn’t have paid for it, because he had no money To express a negative deduction

The Perfect Infinitive with must He must have come this way; here are his footprints To express affirmative deduction

The Perfect Infinitive With needn’t You needn’t have hurried.Now we are too early. You needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw To express an unnecessary past action

THE PERFECT INFINITIVE WITH CERTAIN OTHER VERBS

THE PERFECT INFINITIVE He seems to have been…= It seems that he is He seemed to have been…= It seemed that he had been.. I happened to have driven that kind of car before=It happened that I had driven that… He pretended to have read the book. =… With appear, happen, pretend, seem

THE PERFECT INFINITIVE He is understood to have left the country.=… He is believed to have been waiting for a message =People believed he was waiting for a message You are supposed to have been working= You should have been working With the following verbs in the passive voice: acknowledge believe consider, find, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand