After Charlemagne Kingdom divided, local nobles gained power Invasions from Magyars (Central Europe) Muslim threat (Spain, East Europe) Vikings

Vikings Broke up last of Charlemagne's empire Late 700’s left Scandinavia and attacked communities across Europe Superior sailors, shipbuilders and warriors Mid 9th century settled across Europe

Development of Feudalism Attacks of 9th and 10th centuries fragmented kingdoms of Europe People turned to local rulers (lords) for protection Beginning of feudalism Feudalism- loosely organized system of rule where local lords divided land among lesser lords (vassals). Vassals pledged service to the lord

Feudalism Vassals served lords in military capacity Many became knights Vassals given land to support family, peasants worked land for vassal Medieval society wealth based on land

Feudal Contract Mutual Obligations Vassal granted a fief (land), given political authority, included all people and buildings on land Many different governments responsible for keeping order Gave lord 40 days of military service per year, took his side in court Lord agreed to protect vassal

Manor System Economic system during the Middle Ages Manor- agricultural estate run by a lord , worked by peasants Many peasants were serfs (legally bound to the land) Serfs had to provide labor, pay rents, subject to lords control Serfs fixed roads, built bridges, work the lords land Assigned their own plot of land to support themselves Paid rents by giving part of crops to lord, paid for use of woods, streams, lakes, pastureland on fief

Nobility of the Middle Ages Dominated by men, chief concern was warfare Kings, dukes, counts, bishops, archbishops Had large estates, political, economic social power Many nobles were knights Idea of chivalry (code of ethics they were supposed to uphold) Women remained under control of men Many women had power as managers of estates

Growth of European Kingdoms England, France, Germany, France, Eastern Europe, Russia

England Since 5th Century people from Northern Europe attacked, conquered and settled England (Anglo-Saxon kings) United 9th century Alfred the Great 1066 AD Normans from France attack England (Norman Conquest) William of Normandy = King of England

England William took census of everything in England for tax purposes- called Domesday Book French Normans, Anglo- Saxon English gradually merged culture William developed system of royal courts

England Henry II increased power of English monarch Expanded power of courts Developed common law Tried to control church with courts, it was unsuccessful

England During 11th, 12th centuries power of monarch grew, resented by nobles Rebellion against King John in 1215 King John forced to sign Magna Carta Established kings power was limited not absolute, right to jury trial, protection under the law (due process) Basis of modern democratic political systems

England Under reign of Edward I representative government developed- English Parliament (1296) Composed of two knights, two people from every county and town (House of Commons) Nobles, Bishops from all over England (House of Lords) Passed laws, granted taxes

France Part of Frankish kingdom became core of eventual kingdom of France 987 new royal dynasty established (Capetian Dynasty) had little real power outside of Paris (Isle de France) Local nobles had most power

France Phillip II late 12th century established strong French monarchy Waged war against England Gained control of English territory in France Louis IX expanded French wealth, increased power French feeling of “nation”

France French king and pope argue over taxation of bishops 1305 French pope elected moved papal court to Avignon, France French rulers had more control over pope Another pope elected in Rome Led to crisis- who is real leader of church? Split called Great Schism lasted until 1417

France By 1300 France best governed kingdom in Europe 1302 first French Parliament- Estates- General Representatives of three estates (classes) of France Clergy (first estate) Nobles (second estate) Townspeople, peasants (third estate)

Germany, Italy and the Holy Roman Empire 962 AD Century Otto I crowned ruler of HRE Otto I ruled eastern Frankish kingdoms (Germany) Ruled German and Italian lands Northern Italian cities wealthy (Venice, Genoa)

Germany, Italy and the Holy Roman Empire Fredrick I (late 12th century) tried to conquer northern Italy, pope opposed him Army of pope defeated Germans Struggle between popes and rulers of HRE Germany became divided between powerful German lords Germany and Italy could not unite into national monarchy like France, England until 1700’s

Central and Eastern Europe Slavic people divided into three groups Western Slavs- Poles, Czechs Catholic, part of western European culture Southern and Eastern Slavs- Eastern Orthodox cultural life linked to Byzantine Empire (Bulgarians, Croats, Serbs)

Europe 1000 AD

Development of Russia Eastern Slavic people settled Ukraine and Russia Culture blended with Vikings (called Rus) Late 10th century accepted Orthodox Christianity 13th century Mongols captured Russia, required local princes to pay tribute

Byzantine Empire During 5th century Roman Empire in the east centered in Constantinople 6th century- Emperor Justinian reestablished empire around Mediterranean Justinian codified Roman Law- Body of Civil Law- before this it was a wide variety of laws and customs Basis of imperial law in Empire and basis for legal system of Europe

Byzantine Empire After Justinian empire had many problems Too much territory Too little money Decline in population from plague Muslim threat Beginning of 8th century empire was much smaller Constantinople center of commerce for products from Asia and Europe Imported raw materials used in local industries Center of commerce until 12th century 1071 Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantine armies, Byzantine emperor turns to Europe for military aid

Byzantine Empire Greek official language Christianity official religion (Eastern Orthodox) Split in Christian Church (schism) Eastern Orthodox Church did not accept pope as head of Christian faith 1054 pope and head of Orthodox Church excommunicated each other – still separate until today