Computer Networks Bhushan Trivedi, Director, MCA Programme, at the GLS Institute of Computer Technology, Ahmadabad.

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Presentation transcript:

Computer Networks Bhushan Trivedi, Director, MCA Programme, at the GLS Institute of Computer Technology, Ahmadabad

Data Communication Fundamentals Chapter 3 Data Communication Fundamentals

The prerequisites to communication Bandwidth and Data Rate The frequency and the band The media effect on the bandwidth of signal The composite signals and Fourier components Filters

Other factors affecting the data rate Analog or digital signaling. Analog Type of modulation Amount of constellation points Digital number of levels

Other factors affecting the data rate Sensitivity of the receiver Resistance of the media and thus its temperature How the wires are structured and shielded

Harmonics and composite wave

Properties of a channel More the bandwidth of the media, more the number of harmonics that can pass through the media. Higher the data rate, less will be the number of harmonics that can pass through the media. MDR of a channel = 2 × Bandwidth × log2 (signal levels) MDR of a channel = Bandwidth × log2 (1 + S/N)

Signal to noise ratio S/N =10 log (Ps/Pn) When Ps/Pn becomes 1 MDR = Bandwidth × log2 (1+10 × log e 1) = Bandwidth × log 2 (1+0) = Bandwidth × log 2 1 = 0 (as log21 = 0)

Filtering a specific frequency

Differentiating Analog and Digital Analog and Digital Signaling Analog Signaling Digital signaling Difference between Analog and Digital Signaling Analog and Digital Transmission Introduction to Transmission Analog Transmission Digital transmission Digital signaling and errors

Digital and analog wave

Periodic waves, digital and analog

A periodic wave

Digital signaling and bit rate If we use 2n different voltage signals, then bit rate = baud rate × n If we use n voltage signals, then bit rate = baud rate × log2 n

Characteristics of Digital Signaling Square waveforms Limited discrete values of voltage levels Need more bandwidth Noise can be completely removed

Repeater reshapes, amplifier amplifies

Noise addition to waves

Signaling is different than transmission Analog and digital transmission We can use digital signaling irrespective of whether the transmitted data is analog (voice or video) or digital (zeros and ones) Similarly, analog signaling can be used for both analog and digital transmission Coding mechanisms

Modulation Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation Phase Modulation Modulation in Practice Modulation in cable TV Modulation in ADSL

Amplitude modulation

Amplitude modulation

A square wave to represent bits

A distorted square signal

Frequency modulation

Phase

Phase change to indicate bit

Constellation pattern for QPSK

QAM-16 constellation pattern

Frequency bands used in cable TV transmission

Multiplexing Multiplexing and de-multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing Frequency division multiplexing

Switching

Routing

Transmission Errors Attenuation Distortion Noise