The raw materials of biotechnology A review of cells

Levels of biological organization

Cells Prokaryotic eukaryotic Unicellular multicellular

Bacteria cell (prokaryotic) www.yourarticlelibrary.com

Plant cell (eukaryotic) waynesword.palomar.edu

Animal cell (eukaryotic)

Important (to us) cellular organelles Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Lysosome Cell membrane Cell wall ribosome

Important (to us) cellular organelles Nucleus—Contains DNA and includes the coding for protein production in the cell Chloroplast Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Lysosome Cell membrane Cell wall ribosome

Important (to us) cellular organelles Nucleus Chloroplast—Plant cell organelle responsible for photosynthesis (conversion of light energy into chemical energy)…has its own DNA Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Lysosome Cell membrane Cell wall ribosome

Important (to us) cellular organelles Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria)—Site of cellular respiration; the cellular organelle responsible for converting chemical energy (sugar) into cellular energy (ATP’s)…also has its own DNA Cytoplasm Lysosome Cell membrane Cell wall ribosome

Important (to us) cellular organelles Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondrion Cytoplasm—The gel-like material that fills the cell and supports the organelles; mostly water, it is the site of many chemical reactions within the cell Lysosome Cell membrane Cell wall ribosome

Important (to us) cellular organelles Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Lysosome—An organelle containing digestive enzymes; responsible for breaking down cellular wastes and for apoptosis Cell membrane Cell wall ribosome

Important (to us) cellular organelles Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Lysosome Cell membrane (aka, plasma membrane)—A semi-permeable membrane that regulates movement of molecules into and out of the cell Cell wall ribosome

Important (to us) cellular organelles Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Lysosome Cell membrane Cell wall—Gives support and structure to plant, bacteria, and some fungi cells…in plants, the main component is cellulose ribosome

Important (to us) cellular organelles Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Lysosome Cell membrane Cell wall Ribosome—The site of protein synthesis in cells

Cellular processes—photosynthesis Photo = ____________; synthesis = ___________. Photosynthesis = putting together using light

Cellular processes—photosynthesis Producers (autotrophs)—convert energy from the environment into carbon bonds such as those found in glucose Plants Algae Cyanobacteria Deep sea bacteria photosynthesis chemosynthesis chemicals

Electromagnetic spectrum http://www.antonine-education.co.uk/physics_gcse/Unit_1/Topic_5/topic_5_what_are_the_uses_and_ha.htm

Pigment absorption across the visible spectrum

PHOTOSYNTHESIS sunlight Carbon dioxide glucose water oxygen Sunlight + 6 CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

photosynthesis Sunlight energy used to form C-C bonds in the form of sugar (glucose) The sugars can be used or can be converted to cellulose, starch, or other substances

CHEMOSYNTHESIS

Cellular processes—cellular respiration What is the general equation for cellular respiration? Sugar  waste products + Atp Why is atp important? ATP = energy for every chemical reaction in cells Aerobic = with oxygen Anaerobic = without oxygen

Cellular processes—cellular respiration Anaerobic respiration has two possible sets of end products: end product set #1 = alcohol + carbon dioxide + 2 atp end product set #2 = lactic acid + 2 atp Aerobic respiration requires an additional reactant besides sugar and yields three different products. What is the equation for aerobic respiration? c6h12O6 + 6 o2  6 co2 + 6 h2O + 36 atp

Cellular respiration BACTERIA… Obligate aerobes—respire using oxygen (aerobically) Can not respire without oxygen Obligate Anaerobes—respire without oxygen (anaerobically) Are poisoned by oxygen Facultative anaerobes—can respire with or without oxygen Given the “choice” will gather near the surface where oxygen is present…why???

Cellular processes—cellular respiration Our cells are capable of doing both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Which type do they “prefer” to do and why???