Chapter 15: Renaissance and Reformation Emergence of the Modern World

Basics on Renaissance Who: artists, writers, philosophers in Europe What: A “rebirth” of interest in Greek and Roman literature and life. A philosophical movement to unite Greek and Roman thought with Christian teaching. Belief in power of reason. When: 1350s- late 1500s Where: Italy, North (Germany, France, England, Netherlands)

Why: Causes of Renaissance Trade with Byzantines, Africa, and Asia Wealthy merchants in Italy Remembrance of Roman Empire with Byzantine trade New wealth from trade cause people to become patrons to the arts Humanism revival of classical thought verify truth through investigation Education Great power of individuals Christian teaching

Italian Renaissance Writers Artists Petrarch – Sonnets – depict daily life, first moderen Machiavelli – The Prince – gov’t practices Artists Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel (Creation of Man) Raphael – Madonna Da Vinci – Mona Lisa, Last Supper Titian – Assumption of the Virgin

Italian Art Pass around art work

Characteristics of Italian Art chiaroscuro –light and dark sfumato - blurred edged glorified human body 3D Religiously themed humanist

Northern Renaissance Spread of Ideas from Italy Commerce/trade From Italy to Netherlands, Germany, France, England Printing press Gutenberg Positive and negative

Northern Renaissance Writers Art Shakespeare – plays, sonnets – daily life in Europe Thomas More – Utopia – criticism of gov’t/ society Eramus – Praise of Folly – pure Christian life Art Holbein – King Henry VII Bruegel - Peasants

Characteristics of Northern Art More concern with realism Less concern with Greece/Rome idealism Less concern with balance/proportion Subjects were daily life not Church More criticism/reform on the Church Christian humanism

General Characteristics of Art and Literature in Renaissance humanist ideas realistic experiences social conditions Italian artists tried to capture beauty of Greek, Roman gods in paintings Northern artists tried to depict people as they really were

Impact of the Renaissance IMPACT OF RENAISSANCE LARGE AND LONGREACHING Changes in Art Realistic Secular and religious Changes in Society Printing Press More Books Rise in literacy – more maps, more law codes Change in thoughts on Church and Government Question church and government authority

AND COUNTERREFORMATION THE REFORMATION AND COUNTERREFORMATION

Basics on Reformation Who: Martin Luther, John Calvin, Ignatius Loyola, Catholic Church What: the religious movement that split the Church in Western Europe When: 1500s Where: Begins in Germany, spreads throughout Europe

Why: Causes of the Reformation Northern society: think the Church cares more about money than souls that the popes are more political than moral Care more about kings and wars that the sale of indulgences is wrong Leads to  Martin Luther’s posting of 95 theses

Luther’s beliefs Salvation by faith alone Bible is ultimate authority All people equal before God

It spreads… Printing press Vernacular Spreads throughout Europe Can print copies of theses More people have access to books Vernacular Everyone can read theses Everyone now able to read Bible Spreads throughout Europe Leads to new sects of Protestantism Calvinism - predestination Angelican Huguenots- French Calvinist

Would the Protestant movement have began without Luther?   How significant was the printing press to the spread of Protestantism? For those who feel that history repeats itself – is there evidence today of the problems during the Reniassance

Counter Reformation

Counter Reformation Goals of the Catholic Church to Emphasize spirituality Combat heresy Make doctrine more clear Stop Protestantism Ignatius Loyola – founds Jesuit society to slow Protestantism, belief in faith and good deeds, stressed education

Council of Trent Meeting of Church officials to clarify Church doctrine Need for ceremony and good works Worship God with splendor Depend on Priests for salvation End indulgences and immorality of clergy

Cause and Effect web Selling indulgences Posting of 95 theses Diet of Worms Rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica Council of Trent Popes influences governments Simony occurrences Formation of Calvinist ideas Invention of printing press Translation of bible into vernacular Calvinist,, Lutheran, and Anglican church

Effects of the Reformation and Counter- Reformation 30 years War Scotland, Netherlands – Calvinist Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany-Lutheran French War of Religion French Huguenots vs. Catholics Spanish War of Religion Roman Inquisition All lead to Religious intolerance Increase power to government – weakened power of church

Evaluate What were the faults of the Catholic Church which needed to be corrected? What reforms did the Catholic Church try to make as positive gestures?   What negative actions did the Church take? Did the counter-reformation and the reformation do more harm than good?