Paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting correctly Integrating Sources Paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting correctly

Why do we need outside sources? Academic Writing = Joining an Ongoing Conversation Need to use parts of the conversation that already exist to frame and support your argument. If you are not an expert, your argument will be strengthened by the research and ideas of experts.

3 ways to incorporate sources Summarize Paraphrase Quote No matter which form you use, you MUST cite your source

summarizing “To restate concisely the main facts or ideas of a longer work […] in your own vocabulary and sentence style” (Clines & Cobb, 2015, p.28). Helps when you want to discuss an entire chapter, article, or book in your essay. The summary will almost always be shorter than the original. Just want the most essential information. Examples: Back of a book TV listings Abstracts

summarizing Two step process: 1. Summarize the material (include only what is relevant to your argument) 2. Provide a citation at the end of the summary (if you summarize a couple of different ideas in a paragraph, just need one citation the end of the paragraph)

summarizing See example

paraphrasing Paraphrasing “Restates another person’s ideas in your own words […] is used with short passages […] and it does not necessarily condense or shorten the original” (Clines & Cobb, 2015, p.37). Used when you need to explain a short, but unclear or complicated statement or claim. Allows you to relate sources to your argument. Create a logical bridge for your reader. Sometimes, you just need to quote

Paraphrasing Two step process: 1. Paraphrase the material by explaining it in your own words or in a way that explains how it relates to your argument. 2. Provide a citation at the end of the paraphrase (if you paraphrase a couple of different ideas in a paragraph, just need one citation the end of the paragraph)

paraphrasing See handout on Paraphrasing Summarizing and paraphrasing practice

Quoting Using the exact words from a source. Clines and Cobb (2015) say to do this for 3 reasons: 1. “preserve especially vivid, well-phrased, or dramatic statements” 2. “preserve the wording of someone who is well known” 3. “preserve the accuracy of a statement that might be easily misinterpreted in a paraphrase or a summary” (p. 42) No more than 15% of your essay should be direct quotes (Clines & Cobb, 2015, p. 42)

Integrating quotations Quotes cannot simply be “dropped” into a paper. Another writer's words can never act as your own. Any time you use a quote you need to integrate it. This means: 1. Signaling or Leading into your quote 2. Making sure it fits the flow of the paper 3. Explaining why the quote is being used 4. Citing the quote You may not always need to do all of these, but a reader must know where a quote is coming from, and must understand how it fits into your argument and paragraph.

Integrating quotations Signaling or Leading in Reader needs to know where quote is coming from. Your own words create the flow of the essay, not words from a quote. Signal phrases or lead-ins include phrases like: According to… One expert argues that… A recent study shows that… The report states that…

Integrating quotations “Dropped” Quote Learning APA formatting can be difficult. “APA has numerous variations when it comes to formatting reference pages entry, and these differences depend on the original source being referenced and what its components are.” Signaled or Lead-In Quote Learning APA formatting can be difficult. Smith suggests that one reason for this is that, “APA has numerous variations when it comes to formatting reference pages entry, and these differences depend on the original source being referenced and what its components are.”

Integrating quotations Fitting the flow of the paper Quotes can be broken up or reduced in order to fit better into your essay. You must also make sure that you have a complete sentence once a quote is added.

Integrating quotations Dropped and no flow Learning APA formatting can be difficult. “APA has numerous variations when it comes to formatting reference pages entry, and these differences depend on the original source being referenced and what its components are.” Signaled or lead-In and adjusted for flow Learning APA formatting can be difficult. Smith suggests that it “…has numerous variations… and these differences depend on the original source...”

Integrating quotations 3. Explaining the quote As the writer of the essay, you always know why you have included a quote, but often a reader needs to know how or why it supports a claim. You need to “guide” the reader through your argument. Part of that is explaining the presence of your quotes and how they fit your logic.

Integrating quotations No Explanation Learning APA formatting can be difficult. “APA has numerous variations when it comes to formatting reference pages entry, and these differences depend on the original source being referenced and what its components are.” Explained Learning APA formatting can be difficult. Smith suggests that one reason for this is that it “…has numerous variations… and these differences depend on the original source... .” Because various types of sources are used in academic writing—such as journal articles, websites, books, and mainstream periodicals— and each of these has it own set of rules for creating a reference page entry, it is a taxing process to memorize all of the specifics for each.

Integrating quotations 4. Citing the Quote Everything quoted needs an in-text citation Can come at the end of the quote or can be broken up Need: Author last name, year of publication, page number(s)

Integrating quotations Not Cited Learning APA formatting can be difficult. “APA has numerous variations when it comes to formatting reference pages entry, and these differences depend on the original source being referenced and what its components are.” Cited Learning APA formatting can be difficult. Smith (2015) suggests that one reason for this is that it “…has numerous variations… and these differences depend on the original source...” (p. 27). Because various types of sources are used in academic writing—such as journal articles, websites, books, and mainstream periodicals—and each of these has it own set of rules for creating a reference page entry, it is a taxing process to memorize all of the specifics for each.

Integrating quotations See Example Then… Practice: Write a paragraph that explains what is important to know about comparison writing and include one quote from Chapter 6 of your text book.