United States HISTORY Chapter 20 Immigrants and Urban Life

Section 1: A New Wave of Immigration Changing Patterns of Immigration A. New Immigrants 1. old immigrants a. Late 1800s b. Came from Britain, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia

escaped political & religious persecution came for new opportunities 2. new immigrants come from southern & eastern Europe escaped political & religious persecution came for new opportunities

a. area below the ship’s deck b. inexpensive c. hot, cramped quarters B. Arriving in a New Land 1. steerage a. area below the ship’s deck b. inexpensive c. hot, cramped quarters

Steerage quarters-bunks and table.

Immigrants on deck getting some fresh air.

2. Ellis Island a. busiest center on east coast b. processing center for immigrants c. disease, legal problems, could be sent back d. less than 2% not admitted to the U.S.

Immigrants first sight of Ellis Island

Ellis Island Today

Coming off the Boat

Immigrants Being Processed

Immigrants waiting in a holding area until they are processed

a. processing center on west coast 3. Angel Island a. processing center on west coast b. only Chinese who had fathers as U.S. citizens could enter

Angel Island, San Francisco

Angel Island Today

Asian Immigrant being tested

Adjusting to a New Life A. Immigrant Neighborhoods 1. moved into neighborhoods with others from the same country: Greek Town, Mexican Town etc. 2. benevolent societies a. aid organizations b. helped immigrants in cases of sickness, death, unemployment

b. overcrowded apartment buildings c. immigrants crowded in 3. tenements a. poorly built b. overcrowded apartment buildings c. immigrants crowded in

Inside a Tenement

4. Amadeo Giannini-San Francisco a. founded the Bank of Italy b. became largest privately owned bank in the world Amadeo Giannini merged his bank with another in 1928 and it became the Bank of America.

Giannini’s home built in 1901 Giannini’s home built in 1901. He moved his bank’s vault into his home after the 1906 earthquake.

1. immigrants work in factories 2. low paying, unskilled labor B. Finding Work 1. immigrants work in factories 2. low paying, unskilled labor 3. sweatshops a. workplace with long hours b. unhealthy work conditions c. clothing industry

Working in a Sweat shop

Family doing piece work in their tenement

Opposition to Immigration A. Nativists 1. felt too many immigrants coming to U.S. 2. racial & ethnic prejudices 3. immigrants would not assimilate to American ways 4. able to stop immigration from southern & eastern Europe

1. banned Chinese from immigrating to the U.S. for 10 yrs. B. Chinese Exclusion Act 1. banned Chinese from immigrating to the U.S. for 10 yrs. 2. 1st time a law banned a nationality C. Immigration Continues 1. worked for low pay 2. their labor helped industry grow

Section 2: The Growth of Cities Growth of Urban Areas A. Population Movement 1. immigrants moved to cities 2. farm workers replaced by machines move to cities 3. Af. Am. from South move to northern cities

1. new railroad lines connect East to West 2. run through Chicago B. Chicago 1. new railroad lines connect East to West 2. run through Chicago 3. Chicago becomes heart of nation’s trade 4. plenty of jobs in slaughter houses & meat packing plants

Chicago in the Early 1900s

State Street

Changing Cities A. Building Skyscrapers 1. cities have no room for increased pop. 2. Louis Sullivan a. used steel to build skyscrapers b. buildings become taller 3. Elisha Otis-patented safety elevator

Waldorf Hotel in NYC

1. mass transit-transportation designed to move many people B. Getting Around 1. mass transit-transportation designed to move many people 2. New York & Chicago build elevated train systems 3. subway-underground railroads 4. suburbs a. middle class Americans b. move to outskirts of city

C. New Ideas 1. mass culture-activities shared by many *2. Joseph Pulitzer added color comics to newspapers in 1896 3. department stores-giant retail shops *4. Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Central Park

Campus Martius in the early 1920s Campus Martius in the early 1920s. Hudsons and Kerns were major department stores in Detroit.

Early El Trains

Central Park, New York

Section 3: City Life Urban Problems A. Overcrowded Cities 1. Jacob Riis a. photographer b. exposed horrible conditions of N.Y.C. tenements

Jacob Riis A Danish-American photographer who spent time documenting the living conditions of the tenements to help bring about change.

Children Often Slept on the Streets

Tenements

Coal Miners Home

Tenements Typical of the inside of a tenement apartment. Crowded living conditions with little space.

Tenement Street Tenements were built close together to save space

2. sanitation problems a. no garbage collection b. breeding ground for disease c. Children most vulnerable

c. indoor plumbing scarce 3. unsafe conditions a. no safety standards b. few or no windows c. indoor plumbing scarce

4. air pollution from factories a. Pittsburgh steel mills bellow thick black smoke b. grime covered everything 5. cities built water purification systems to improve sanitation

Pittsburgh Steel Mills The smoke from the mills was so bad on some days it blocked the sun.

Inside the Mills

Improving City Life A. State Tenement House Act 1. passed in 1901 due to Lawrence Veiller 2. required building to have better ventilation & running water

B. Settlement Houses 1. neighborhood centers that offered education, provided recreation & social activities 2. Jane Addams a. opened Hull House in Chicago b. focused on immigrant families & their survival c. worked for reforms

Hull House, Chicago

Nursery to care for children of immigrant workers

a. wrote about sweatshops b. helped convince lawmakers to take action 3. Florence Kelley a. wrote about sweatshops b. helped convince lawmakers to take action c. law passed in 1893 to limit working hours for women & children