Inquiry 2 Reports due this week Inquiry 3 Proposals due next week, in lab

How do different individuals and different groups arise? Evolution… Does it occur? How does it occur?

Does evolution occur?

Information flow in cells Protein From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummings fig 5.25

As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations. From “Biology” N. Campbell et al (2005) Benjamin Cummings fig 13.5

Mitosis

When DNA is replicated, mutations can occur.

As DNA changes; traits change. Protein

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O O O O X X X X O O O O O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O Population of resistant bacteria

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce

Human DNA is divided into 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Each of us are a combination of DNA from mom and dad. X 23 in humans X 23 in humans X 23 in humans Each of us are a combination of DNA from mom and dad.

Is this all of your DNA?

an Animal Cell Mitochondria

Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.

Mom provides 50. 000275% and Dad provides 49 Mom provides 50.000275% and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring. … because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only through mother mitochondria

Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and executed.

There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter Anastasia Tsar’s Family

Anna Anderson, claimed she was Anastasia

Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match.

For more info check out: http://en. wikipedia Or the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes

The Earth is covered in humans. How did this occur?

When did these migrations take place?

Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

Only DNA that is successfully passed on can be used to trace the past. Fig 1

As DNA is passed on mutations take place Fig 1 and 4

By determining the average time between mutations, we can estimate the time of the last common ancestor. Fig 4

The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years. OR A difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago. Fig 4

How are we related, and where did we come from? CB 34.41

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens Multiregional hypothesis “Out of Africa” hypothesis

Relationships of different populations using mtDNA ~150,000ya 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1

X Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens Multiregional hypothesis “Out of Africa” hypothesis

Newer Data: Estimated time of divergence for several DNA regions Fig 3

Newer Data: Estimated time of divergence for several DNA regions Fig 3

X Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens Multiregional hypothesis “Out of Africa” hypothesis

Two hypotheses about the origin of H Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens conflicting data disproves difeerent hypotheses Multiregional hypothesis: disproved by mtDNA data “Out of Africa” hypothesis: disproved by other DNA data

Proposed model of human evolution/ migration (based on mt and nuclear DNA) Additional migrations Expansion from Asia to Africa Out of Africa of Homo sapiens Out of Africa Fig 9 Out of Africa of Homo erectus