Test 3 Flash Cards

Characteristics of Staphylococci Family Gram positive, cocci Clusters Pyogenic Agglutination, coagulase, hemolysis patterns for identification

Staphylococcus aureus Agglutination (clumping) Antigen: Protein A Coagulase positive (fibrin clotting). Definitive test. Allows it to hide in weak areas of the body until person’s immune system is weakened. It will then re-bloom. Beta hemolysis HA-MRSA (MRSA implied hospital acquired) CA-MRSA

Staphylococcus epidermidis No agglutination Coagulase negative Alpha hemolysis Normal flora on skin Pathogenic when inside body.

Staphylococcus saphrophyticus No agglutination Coagulase negative Cause UTIs

Characteristics of Streptococci FAMILY Gram positive, cocci chains Pyogenic Hemolysis patterns and Lancefield groupings for identification Certain members are sensitive to specific antibiotics.

Streptococcus pyogenes Lancefield Group A Beta hemolysis Sensitive to A disc test (Bacitracin antibiotic) Agglutination to “Antigen A” (not the same protein A in staph aureus) Causes Strep throat – red spots with white spots Causes 25% of upper respiratory infections Contains a type flesh-eating bacteria pyogenic

Streptococcus agalactieae Lancefield group B Beta hemolysis Common in 3rd trimester pregnant women, tested for and treated to avoid newborn meningitis Semmelweiss and handwashing

Enterococcus faecalis & E. Faecium Lancefield Group D Alpha hemolysis (usually) Superbug VRE (Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus) Healthy people do not get VRE Common in hospital, and rehabilitation centers Love to pass their plasmids! Member of the FAMILY Streptococci, even though genus is enterococcus

Antibiotic resistant Tuberculosis TB can require 6 months of treatment. Some TB cases are resistant to all antibiotics, leaving no treatment options FRONTLINE- TB: The Silent Killer

HA-MRSA Hospital Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus Resistant to all –illin drugs Nosocomial Infection is in surgical wound, blood stream or pneumonia in lungs Infection is INSIDE the body

CA-MRSA Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus Found where sweaty people are close together: prisons, military barracks, locker room, and daycares Skin infection, like a boil. If medicine doesn’t work, the infection can be cut away. GENETICALLY different than HA-MRSA

Streptococcus Pneumoniae Lancefied- non grouped Capsule with low immune response to antigens (can hide easy) Frequent cause of bacteria pneumoniae, causing high death rate in elderly FYI- other bacteria cause pneumoniae too Pneumovax- vaccine with 23 capsular antigens. There are 23 types of S. Pneumoniae. Cause ear infections in children Confirmed by P disc test (Optichin antibiotic) Penicillin Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae (PRSP)

ESBLs Extended-spectrum beta lactamase = enzyme Found in Intensive Care settings Most common are E. coli and Klebsiela pneumonieae Resistance is definitely passed through a plasmid

CRE Carbapenam –resistant Enterobacteriaceae Carbapenam is an antibiotic Carbapenase is the enzyme made by the bacteria to break or deactivate the drug. See handout on CRE Most common are E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonieae (same as ESBLs- not a typo)

NDM, also known as NDM1 New Dehli Metallo-beta-lactamase = enzyme Video shows a young made picking up infection in India. Bacteria with this enzyme swap plasmids in puddles of unclean water (in alley) NDM is out in the community in India