The Complex Number System

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Presentation transcript:

The Complex Number System Background: 1. Let a and b be real numbers with a  0. There is a real number r that satisfies the equation ax + b = 0; The equation ax + b = 0 is a linear equation in one variable.

Let a, b, and c be real numbers with a  0 Let a, b, and c be real numbers with a  0. Does there exist a real number r which satisfies the equation Answer: Not necessarily; sometimes “yes”, sometimes “no”. The equation is a quadratic equation in one variable.

Examples: 1. 2. 3. Simple case:

The imaginary number i DEFINITION: The imaginary number i is a root of the equation (– i is also a root of this equation.) ALTERNATE DEFINITION: i2 =  1 or

The Complex Number System DEFINITION: The set C of complex numbers is given by C = {a + bi| a, b  R}. NOTE: The set of real numbers is a subset of the set of complex numbers; R  C, since a = a + 0i for every a  R.

Some terminology Given the complex number z = a + bi. The real number a is called the real part of z. The real number b is called the imaginary part of z. The complex number is called the conjugate of z.

Arithmetic of Complex Numbers Let a, b, c, and d be real numbers. Addition: Subtraction: Multiplication:

Division: provided

Field Axioms The set of complex numbers C satisfies the field axioms: Addition is commutative and associative, 0 = 0 + 0i is the additive identity,  a bi is the additive inverse of a + bi. Multiplication is commutative and associative, 1 = 1 + 0i is the multiplicative identity, is the multiplicative inverse of a + bi.

and the Distributive Law holds. That is, if , , and  are complex numbers, then ( + ) =  + 

“Geometry” of the Complex Number System A complex number is a number of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers. If we “identify” a + bi with the ordered pair of real numbers (a,b) we get a point in a coordinate plane – which we call the complex plane.

The Complex Plane

Absolute Value of a Complex Number Recall that the absolute value of a real number a is the distance from the point a (on the real line) to the origin 0. The same definition is used for complex numbers.

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra A polynomial of degree n  1 has exactly n (complex) roots.