Inhibition of O-GlcNacylation results in persistent DNA damage after irradiation. Inhibition of O-GlcNacylation results in persistent DNA damage after.

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Inhibition of O-GlcNacylation results in persistent DNA damage after irradiation. Inhibition of O-GlcNacylation results in persistent DNA damage after irradiation. A, hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) metabolites are shown in black, enzymes in blue, and inhibitors in red. G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; F6P, fructose-6-phosphate; GlcN-6P, glucosamine-6-phosphate; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; GlcNAc-6P, N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate; UDP-GlcNAc, uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine; GFAT, glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase; NAGK, N-acetylglucoseamine kinase; OGT, O-linked GlcNAc transferase; OGA, O-GlcNAcase. B, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) restores IRIF resolution in 1 g/L glucose. Representative images, with IRIF per nucleus (mean ± SEM) indicated. C, IRIF persistence and neutral comet assay after 3 Gy in 1 g/L glucose, ± GlcNAc, display similar kinetics, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation promotes DSB repair. Paired plots of IRIF per nucleus () and percent tail DNA () after 3 Gy in 1 g/L glucose, red bar, mean ± SEM. ***, P ≤ 0.001, n.s., not significant, unpaired t test relative to NIR control for foci and comets. D, small molecule probes link O-GlcNAcylation to IRIF persistence. MCF7GFP-IBD cells were grown in 1 or 4.5 g/L glucose media for 24 hours, and treated with inhibitors or activators of O-GlcNacylation for overnight, irradiated, and harvested for imaging after 24 hours. Representative images of irradiated cells, with IRIF per nucleus (mean ± SEM) indicated. Nonirradiated controls are shown on Supplementary Fig. S5A. E, plots of IRIF per nucleus from (D). Red bar indicates mean ± SEM. ***, P ≤ 0.001; **, P ≤ 0.01, unpaired t test relative to DMSO control of each glucose condition (4.5 g/L, ; and 1 g/L, ). F, modulators of O-GlcNAcylation affect DNA repair. MCF7GFP-IBD cells were grown in 1 g/L glucose media and treated with GlcNAc, alloxan, or PUGNAc for overnight, irradiated (3 Gy), harvested at 24 hours, and examined by neutral comet assay. Representative comet images are shown. Percent tail DNA (mean ± SEM) indicated. G, percent tail DNA was plotted and analyzed for significance (mean ± SEM). ***, P ≤ 0.001; **, P ≤ 0.01, unpaired t test relative to 3 Gy control. Scale bars, 10 μm (IRIF); 20 μm (comets). H, RNAi-mediated silencing of OGT or OGA in MCF7GFP-IBD cells affects IRIF persistence and confirms results obtained with chemical probes. Representative images, with IRIF per nucleus (mean ± SEM) indicated. I, plot of IRIF per nucleus after indicated treatment. Red bar indicates mean ± SEM (4.5 g/L,; IR, ). ***, P ≤ 0.001, unpaired t test relative to scrambled control RNA for each glucose concentration. Elena V. Efimova et al. Mol Cancer Res 2016;14:173-184 ©2016 by American Association for Cancer Research