Module 5 Church and Society in Western Europe

What would Europe look like today if the Crusades had not happened?

Lesson 1: The Power of the Church Still today religious leaders will voice their opinions on political issues

Lesson 1: The Power of the Church Church’s Authority “Two swords” Structure of the Church Pope Clergy Bishops: supervised priests; settled disputes over Church teachings & practices Priests: main contact to the Church for people 4

Lesson 1: The Power of the Church (cont.) Religion as a Unifying Force Feudalism created division among people Beliefs bonded the people Life was harsh People could follow same path to salvation Priests gave sacraments Church served as social center for villages 5

Lesson 1: The Power of the Church (cont.) The Law of the Church Canon Law Established courts Excommunication Banishment Freed vassals from obligation to king Interdict Loss of sacraments People felt “doomed” 6

Lack of knowledge led to superstitions Medieval Church disapproved Lesson 1: (Cont.) Age of Superstition Lack of knowledge led to superstitions Medieval Church disapproved 7

Church and the Holy Roman Otto the Great Followed example of Charlemagne Limited power of nobles by allying with the Church Invaded Italy on pope’s behalf Crowned emperor by Pop in 962 Signs of Future Conflicts Named empire Roman Empire of the German Nation Caused resentment of German leaders over Italy Emperor Clashes with the Pope Church resentful of political influence over clergy Lay investiture 1074 banned by pope Lesson 1: (cont.) 8

Emperor orders pope to step down Pope excommunicates Henry Emperor orders pope to step down Pope excommunicates Henry Princes/clergy fear for king Showdown at Canossa Henry waits for 3 days in snow Excommunication ended 9

Representatives of both sides meet in Worms in 1122 Concordat of Worms Representatives of both sides meet in Worms in 1122 Compromise Only church could appoint bishops; emperor could veto Result German princes gained power back they lost under Otto 10

Disorder in the Empire. Frederick I, aka Barbarossa. Holy Roman Empire Disorder in the Empire Frederick I, aka Barbarossa Holy Roman Empire Repeatedly invaded Italy Italians formed Lombard League Battle of Legnano Crossbows used for first time; Italians win Frederick makes peace with pope, goes home German States Remain Separate Successors unable to unite German states multiple wars; clashes with pope System of electing king weak; France and England getting stronger Name Phone Email Website

Church Reform and the Crusades The Age of Faith Monasteries led revival Cluny, 910 AD Return to basics Church also begins reforms New Age of Faith Problems in the Church Marriages of priests Simony Lay investiture 12

Church restructured to resemble a kingdom Reform and Church Organization Church restructured to resemble a kingdom Advisors called The Curia Acted as a court Developed canon law Decided cases Diplomats Church collected taxes (tithes)

New Religious Orders Renewed interest in monastic life Friars Unlike monks Dominican: importance of study Franciscans: treatment of all 14

Cathedrals – Cities of God Romanesque Thick walls, pillars; tiny windows Gothic Bright, airy; high ceilings Inspire the magnificence of God Town spirit 15

The Crusades Under attack from the Muslim Turks Pope Urban II Goals: Constantinople Under attack from the Muslim Turks Pope Urban II “Holy War” Goals: Get back the Holy Land Reunite Christendom End knight quarrels

First and Second Crusades Religious revival “God wills it!” All classes Unprepared for first Crusade No strategy Geography, climate No clear leadership Captured Jerusalem July 1099 Four districts created out of territory Susceptible to Muslim attack Second Crusade hoped to recapture Edessa (defeated)

Third Crusade Led by 3 powerful monarchs Philip II (France Frederick I (German states) Richard the Lion-Hearted Truce in 1192 Muslims keep Jerusalem Christians allowed to pilgrimage to the Holy Land

The Crusading Spirit Dwindles Fourth Crusade Unsuccessful Looted Constantinople instead Various other Crusades occurred Either unsuccessful or misled Children’s Crusade questionable

Effects of the Crusades Power of the Church Trade increases Lessens the power of the Pope Weakens feudal nobility Strengthens power of the Kings Byzantine empire weakened Legacy of hate between Christians and Muslims

Lesson 3 – Changes in Medieval Society A Growing Food supply Farming Improvements Horse power; harness 3-Field system The Guilds Set standards for quality, wages and working conditions Merchant Craft

Commercial Revolution Lesson 3 (cont.) Commercial Revolution Trade festivals Cloth, bacon, salt, honey, wine, leather, knives, ropes Foreign goods; trade routes had expanded Business and Banking Various currencies Letters of Credit Church forbade interest loans (usury) Later relaxed rules Society Changes Job options and living locations changed

Urban Life Flourishes Trade and Towns Grow Together Lesson 3 (cont.) Urban Life Flourishes Trade and Towns Grow Together Streets were narrow Animals, waste Wood homes Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order Burghers Demanded rights and privileges

Lesson 3 (cont.) The Revival of Learning Crusades Muslim Connection Libraries in Spain Technology in ships, navigation, and weapons Scholars and the University People, not buildings Vernacular Aquinas and medieval Philosophy Classical Greek philosophy versus Christian faith Combines the two ideals

Lesson 4 – England and France Develop England Absorbs Waves of Invaders Danish Vikings Alfred the Great able to defeat Vikings Unites land and calls it England Canute Conquers England in 1016 Combines English and Viking people Norman Conquests William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror Rival: Harold Godwinson Battle of Hastings: October 1066 Normans won William takes all of England Opposing nobles lost all their land Nobles who swore loyalty received land Creates a unified government

England’s Evolving Government Goals of English kings Hold and add to French lands Strengthen power over nobles and Church King Henry II Strengthened courts of justice Sent judges to all parts of kingdom Use of jury Rulings became known as common law

The Magna Carta Richard the Lionhearted John Softsword Loses Normandy and land in northern France Confronted by nobles John hated by subjects; Church not fond of him Forced to sign Magna Carta: June 1215 Guaranteed certain basic political rights Limit kings power No taxation without representation Jury trial Protection of the law

Model Parliament Edward I Needed to raise taxes (war) Formed a parliament Serves as a model for later kings Next 100 years, called anytime new tax was needed Parliament splits into two House of Commons House of Lords Pg 189: Magna Carta

Bell Work, October 1, 2018 Review Questions What is the Magna Carta? Explain its significance. Which king was forced to sign the Magna Carta? Which peoples invaded England? How did England’s government become unified?

Capetian Dynasty Rules France Nobles ruled lands independently Hugh Capet Last of the Carolingian line Ruled lands that included Paris Capetian dynasty France Becomes a Separate Kingdom Capets weak rulers Strategic land holdings Philip II Expands his Power Wanted to weaken English kings Successful during John’s reign Augustus Increased France territory Established bailiffs

Capetian Dynasty Rules France (cont.) Philip II’s Heirs King Louis IX Known as ideal king Sainted by Catholic Church Created a French appeals court Philip IV Dispute with Pope Control Estates-General Church leaders known as First Estate Great Lords known as Second Estate Commoners known as Third Estate