Class Anthozoa - characteristics ~ 6000 species Medusa stage is absent Polyp is responsible for both sexual and asexual reproduction Size range from 0.5cm to 1m. Only cnidarian class that has all three types of cnidae (nematocysts, spirocysts and ptychocysts).

Anthozoa – General Anatomy 1. Tentacles 2. Pharynx 3. Siphonoglyph 4. Gastrovascular cavity 5.-7. Septae 8. Gonads 9. Pedal disk

Anthozoa – Retractor muscles Gastrovascular cavity (gut) Cross section through Gastrovascular cavity Cross section through pharynx Pharynx Retractor muscle fibers

Anthozoa – nervous system Nerve net for epidermis (tentacles) Nerve net for gastrodermis (body)

Anthozoa – Feeding and Digestion Prey brought in, mixed with mucus, swallowed by pharnx (peristalsis) and transferred to gastrovascular cavity. Dissolved particles circulated through system by flagella along septae Longitudinal muscles on septae contract, compressing body, opening mouth and retracting tentacles toward mouth. Prey captured and subdued by cnidae on the tentacles Enzymes Enzymes released from edges of septae to digest.

Anthozoa – Gas Exchange and Excretion Diffusion from tentacles and body cells Siphonoglyph directs currents to remove waste.

Anthozoa - Reproduction Sexual Sperm Planula Egg Asexual Fission Fragmentation Budding Some asexual larval formation (Planula larvae) in corals

Class Anthozoa Subclass: Hexacorallia www.beachwatchers.wsu.edu/ezidweb/animals/images/metridium.jpg Subclass: Hexacorallia Order: Actiniaria (true anemones) Never colonial No calcareous skeleton Some with zoozanthellae ache.eb.com/eb/image?id=4009&rendTypeId=4

Class Anthozoa Subclass: Hexacorallia upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Coral_polyp.jpg/413px-Coral_polyp.jpg Subclass: Hexacorallia www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/974/50001231.JPG saltaquarium.about.com/library/graphics/redmushroomtom_400.JPG Order: Scleractinia (stony corals) Mostly colonial Calcareous skeleton No siphonoglyphs Half with zoozanthellae www.hero.ac.uk/resources/C_Coral_vs_cricket_300.jpg www.safmc.net/Portals/6/Gallery/HAB%20Section%20Photo.jpg

Corals Corals flourish in nutrient-poor, clear, tropical waters. Symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates (zoozanthellae) help corals obtain enough nutrients to grow rapidly. The corals provide protection and nutrients for the dinoflagellates, which in turn provide the products of photosynthesis to the corals. www.eoearth.org/article/Coral_reef

Corals Corals flourish in nutrient-poor, clear, tropical waters. Symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates help corals obtain enough nutrients to grow rapidly. The corals provide protection and nutrients for the dinoflagellates, which in turn provide the products of photosynthesis to the corals.

www.barrierreefaustralia.com/the-great-barrier-reef/reef-map-coverage.gif /t3.pacific.edu/teams/M043406/reef2.jpg The Great Barrier Reef along the northeastern coast of Australia is 2,000 km long and 150 km wide.

Coral reef distribution Global warming and nutrient runoff are threatening coral reefs throughout the world. www.geology.iupui.edu/academics/CLASSES/g130/reefs/images/f1519th.gif

Class: Anthozoa Subclass: Hexacorallia Order: Zoanthidea (stalked anemones) Order: Actinaria (anemones) Order: Cerianthara (Tube Anemone) Brain Coral Order: Scleractinia (stony corals) Order: Antipatharia (black coral)

Class: Anthozoa Subclass: Octocorallia (octocorals) 8 hollow pinnate tentacles Single siphonoglyph Scleroblasts secrete sclerites Order: Alcyonacea (soft and leather corals) www.societe.org.gg/sections/marine/marine_photos/Alcyonium%20glomeratum.jpg oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/%E2%80%8Cexplorations/04alaska/media/bamboo_polyp_600.jpg www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/img0077.jpg

Class: Anthozoa Subclass: Octocorallia Order: Gorgonacea (red coral, sea plumes, sea fans, sea whips. Sea Fan Sea Whip Order: Stolonifera (organ pipe coral) Order: Helioporacea (blue coral) Order: Pennatulacea (sea feathers, sea pens, sea pansies) Sea Feather Sea Pansy Sea Pen

Class: Anthozoa Subclass: Ceriantipatharia Order: Antipatharia (black coral) Non-retractable tentacles Thorns present www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/~lsmarr/reefs/new%20uw%20photos/Coral/Black%20Coral.jpg

Class: Anthozoa Subclass: Ceriantipatharia Order: Ceriantheria (tube anemones) Large solitary polyp Lives in tube Long thin tentacles cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=8947&rendTypeId=4

Class Scyphozoa - characteristics ~ 200 species Medusa stage is present and is the dominant stage Polyp is a scyphistomae Size range from 2 cm to 2 m.

Scyphozoa – Polyp Anatomy Tentacles Periderm (tube) Septal funnels instead of septae (not shown)

Scyphozoa Medusa Anatomy Tentacles Oral arms Gonads Rhopalium Chemoreceptor Mechanoreceptor Statocyst Photoreceptor Manubrium Tentacles Oral arms Gonads Rhopalium Chemoreceptor Mechanoreceptor Statocyst Photoreceptor Manubrium Radial Canals Tentacles Oral arms Gonads Rhopalium Chemoreceptor Mechanoreceptor Statocyst Tentacles Oral arms Gonads Tentacles Oral arms Tentacles Septal funnel with muscle

Scyphozoa – nervous system Nerve ring for bell Nerve net for manubrium, oral arms, and tentacles.

Syphozoa – Feeding, Digestion, Gas Exchange and Excretion Similar to Anthozoa

Scyphozoa - Reproduction Sexual Strobila Ephyra Planula Asexual Budding

Class: Scyphozoa Order: Stauromedusae (stalked medusa) Order: Coronatae (crown jelly) Order: Rhizostomeae (root mouth jelly) Order: Semaeostomeae (Flag mouth jelly)

Class Cubozoa Box jellies Each polyp produce a single medusa www.jyi.org/articleimages/103/originals/img1.jpg Box jellies Each polyp produce a single medusa Medusa nearly square in X-section has velarium like hydrozoan medusae extremely toxic 4 sets of eyes Light sensor Image forming eyes bottom with pupil www.sciencenewsforkids.org/articles/20050518/a781_1476.1.su.fob.jpg pharyngula.org/index/weblog/comments/jellyfish_eyes/

Class Hydrozoa - characteristics ~ 3000 species Mostly colonial medusozoans Life cycle may include polyps, medusae or both Unlike other Cnidarians, nematocysts are found only on the epidermis not in the gastrovascular cavity. Some nematocysts funtional equivalent to Anthozoan spirocysts. Polyps usually tiny

Hydrozoa – Polyp Anatomy Feeding polyps Medusae producing polyps (Gonozooids) Epidermis Mesoglea Gastrodermis Gastrovascular cavity Note: no septae Manubrium and mouth Tentacles Epidermis Gastrodermis Gastrovascular cavity Pedal disk

Hydrozoa Medusa Anatomy Radial Canal Gonads Statocysts and ocelli may be present along edge of bell Ring canal Manubrium

Hydrozoa Colony Anatomy Thecate colony Athecate colony Theca (part of periderm)

Hydrozoa – nervous system Nerve ring for bell on medusae Nerve net for manubrium, body, and tentacles.

Hydrozoa – Feeding, Digestion, Gas Exchange and Excretion Similar to Anthozoa

Hydrozoa - Reproduction Sexual Asexual Budding

Class: Hydrozoa Order: Hydroida Suborder: Anthomedusae (Athecate) Polyps solitary or colonial Gonozooids lack exoskeleton (athecate) Free meduse tall and bell shaped Gametes form on subumbrella Tubularia www.isi.edu/robots/self_heal_html/hydra.JPG Hydra sp. www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Cnidaria/Images/pencillatus.jpg Ectopleura

Class: Hydrozoa Order: Hydroida Suborder: Leptomedusae (Thecate) webs.lander.edu/rsfox/rsfoximages1/hydrozoa4La_x550_x_668x.gif Obelia sp. www.infovek.sk/predmety/biologia/metodicke/dvojlistovce/obrazky/Campanularia_johnstoni.jpg Campanularia sp. Polyps always colonial Feeding zooids encased in exoskeleton Free medusae not usually present Gamete for on radial canals in subumbrella www.advancedaquarist.com/2005/12/aafeature2_album/RaskoffAequoria2_480.jpg Aequorea victoria

Class: Hydrozoa Order: Trachylina Botrynema sp. Gonionemus sp. oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/%E2%80%8Cexplorations/02arctic/logs/mis_sum_pelagic/media/bot_600.jpg Botrynema sp. webs.lander.edu/rsfox/rsfoximages1/hydrozoa6L_x550_x_418x.gif Gonionemus sp. Gonionemus sp. Polyp generally absent Tentacles arise above edge of bell

Class: Hydrozoa Order: Trachylina

Class: Hydrozoa Order: Siphonophora Floating or swimming colonies cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=30731&rendTypeId=4 Physalia Floating or swimming colonies Attached modified medusae In all but one group, the end of the axial polyp forms a pneumatophore for flotation.

Class: Hydrozoa - Athecate orders Order: Siphonophora Nectophores (attached medusae-like zooids) provide propulsion

Class: Hydrozoa – Athecate orders Portuguese Man-O-War Order: Siphonophora Below the nectophores are three types of zooids: Dactylzooid – grasping and prey-capture Gonozooid - reproduction Gastrozooid – digestion

Class: Hydrozoa Order: Chondrophora Velella velella Colonies with gastroozoids, dactylzooids and gonozooids or super organism? Zooids attached to sail-like float Velella velella