With your host…Ms. Turner! O-Chem, Lipids, Cell Membrane & Transport Test Review With your host…Ms. Turner!

10 20 30 40 50 Organic Chemistry Lipids Cell Membrane Membrane Transport Miscellaneous 10 20 30 40 50

What 4 atoms make up 96% of living organisms? Organic Chemistry : 10 What 4 atoms make up 96% of living organisms? ANSWER

Organic Chemistry : 10 - Answer Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

Organic compounds have BOTH Organic Chemistry : 20 Organic compounds have BOTH _____ and _____. ANSWER

Organic Chemistry : 20 - Answer Organic compounds have BOTH Carbon and Hydrogen.

How many bonds can carbon make? Organic Chemistry : 30 Carbon-based molecules come in three fundamental structures. What are the 3? How many bonds can carbon make? (which contribute to its ability to make these various structures…) ANSWER

Organic Chemistry : 30 - Answer Carbon forms 4 bonds (because it has 4 valence electrons and would need 4 more to have a full outer energy shell).

*Don’t forget to mention the role of water. Organic Chemistry : 40 What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? *Don’t forget to mention the role of water. ANSWER

Organic Chemistry : 40 - Answer Dehydration synthesis is the process in which smaller molecules are joined together to make larger molecules by taking out a water molecule. Hydrolysis is breaking down larger molecules into its smaller parts by adding water to split it up.

Draw a diagram of dehydration synthesis. Organic Chemistry : 50 Draw a diagram of dehydration synthesis. ANSWER

Organic Chemistry : 50 - Answer + H2O + H2O

What three atoms make up lipids? ANSWER

Carbon, Hydrogen, and a little bit of Oxygen. Lipids : 10 - Answer Carbon, Hydrogen, and a little bit of Oxygen.

What does it mean for lipids to be insoluble in water? (aka not soluble in water) What property accounts for this? (aka we could say the lipids are ___-_____) ANSWER

Lipids : 20 - Answer It means the lipids do not dissolve in water. Lipids are non-polar (Which means they don’t have a charge like polar molecules do. Their charges balance out.) Like dissolves like. Polar substances are soluble in other polar substances.

Name 3 functions of lipids. (Could be the function of any of the types of lipids we covered) ANSWER

Lipids : 30 - Answer Store large amounts of chemical energy (fats & oils i.e. triglycerides) Forms a selective barrier in cell membranes (phospholipids) Maintains flexibility and strength of cell membranes (steroids – cholesterol) Signaling molecules (steroids – hormones)

Lipids : 40 Draw an example of a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid. (*Don’t forget the carboxyl group. You will not have to draw these on the test…but you may have to identify the difference between saturated and unsaturated) ANSWER

Lipids : 40 - Answer Saturated Unsaturated

Double Jeopardy!!

Include in your answer a description of the lipid bilayer. Lipids : 50 Explain why the phospholipid is a suitable molecule for creating a selective barrier for a cell. Include in your answer a description of the lipid bilayer. ANSWER

Lipids : 50 - Answer The phospholipid has two main parts – the hydrophilic head which includes the polar phosphate group and the hydrophobic fatty acid tails that are nonpolar. The nonpolar tails face each other to make two layers of the phospholipids with the polar heads facing the watery environments of inside and outside the cell. The tails face each other and prevent certain substances from going through based on polarity (charge) and size.

What are the two main jobs of the cell membrane? ANSWER

Cell Membrane : 10 - Answer To provide a barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell. To regulate what moves in and out of the cell. *both of which help to maintain homeostasis

Cell Membrane : 20 Draw a sketch of a lipid bilayer and identify the area that is hydrophobic and the area that is hydrophilic. ANSWER

Cell Membrane : 20 - Answer Hydrophilic Heads Hydrophobic Tails

Name the three types of membrane proteins. Cell Membrane : 30 Name the three types of membrane proteins. ANSWER

Cell Membrane : 30 - Answer Receptor Proteins Marker Proteins Channel Proteins

Cell Membrane : 40 Name two types of proteins that can be found in the cell membrane and explain their function. ANSWER

Cell Membrane : 40 - Answer Receptor proteins: transmits information from outside the cell to the inside (e.g. hormones like insulin trigger glucose intake). Marker proteins: allows the body/cell to recognize self from non-self (e.g. to aid the immune system in identifying harmful bacteria). Channel proteins: allows the passage of molecule through the cell membrane (e.g. molecules that are too big or polar can’t go through the lipid bilayer unaided).

Cell Membrane : 50 What is the name of the model used to describe the cell membrane? Explain why these two words are used to describe the cell membrane. ANSWER

Cell Membrane : 50 - Answer Fluid Mosaic Model Fluid – the phospholipids within the lipid bilayer can move around each other laterally (very rarely would they switch sides in the bilayer) making the membrane flexible and more fluid. Mosaic – although the main component of the cell membrane is phospholipids, it also has proteins that are spread out in the membrane which resembles a mosaic.

What is the difference between passive transport and active transport? Membrane Transport : 10 What is the difference between passive transport and active transport? ANSWER

Membrane Transport : 10 - Answer Passive transport does not require energy (in the form of ATP) while active transport does. Passive transport involves movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration and active transport is the opposite (low to high).

Membrane Transport : 20 Define osmosis. ANSWER

Membrane Transport : 20 - Answer Osmosis is a type of passive transport. It is the movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher concentration of water to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

A pump is a special type of channel protein. Membrane Transport : 30 A pump is a special type of channel protein. What does it do? ANSWER

Membrane Transport : 30 - Answer A pump is used for active transport and moves molecules against the concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to high concentration.

How is exocytosis different from endocytosis? Membrane Transport : 40 How is exocytosis different from endocytosis? What are the two types of endocytosis? ANSWER

Membrane Transport : 40 - Answer Exocytosis is bringing large or large amounts of molecules out of the cell using vesicles which endocytosis brings them in. Two types of endocytosis: (1) Phagocytosis, (2) Pinocytosis

Membrane Transport : 50 ANSWER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name the possible consequences of osmosis for animal and plant cells. ANSWER

Membrane Transport : 50 - Answer Crenation Normal Cytolysis Plasmolyzed Flaccid Turgid **Normal**

What does it mean to say that the cell membrane is semi-permeable? Miscellaneous : 10 What does it mean to say that the cell membrane is semi-permeable? (AKA selectively permeable) ANSWER

Miscellaneous : 10 - Answer Semi-permeable means that some molecules can pass through the membrane while others cannot.

Miscellaneous : 20 Draw a picture that represents a cell membrane that has a concentration gradient. Draw an arrow that shows going “with” or “down” a concentration gradient. ANSWER

Miscellaneous : 20 - Answer

What is the role of cholesterol within the cell membrane? Miscellaneous : 30 What is the role of cholesterol within the cell membrane? ANSWER

Miscellaneous : 30 - Answer Cholesterol maintains the flexibility of the cell membrane (it helps to provide space between phospholipids so they can remain more fluid). It also helps to maintain the strength of the membrane and not allow the phospholipids to pull apart too far.

Miscellaneous : 40 If a plant cell with a 2% solute concentration is placed in a solution with a 4% solute concentration explain what could happen and WHY – using proper vocabulary. ANSWER

Miscellaneous : 40 - Answer If the cell has a 2% solute concentration (compared to 4% in the solution making the solution hypertonic) then it has 98% water. The solution it is placed in has a 96% water concentration so water will move out of the cell (the water moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration). The cell would shrivel up resulting in plasmolysis.

What type of transport is facilitated diffusion? Miscellaneous : 50 What type of transport is facilitated diffusion? How does it work? ANSWER

Miscellaneous : 50 - Answer Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport. It is when molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration but cannot move through the lipid bilayer due to size or charge/polarity or shape thus a channel protein is used to get the molecules through.