1. Overview of the human immune response David D. Chaplin, MD, PhD  Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  Volume 117, Issue 2, Pages S430-S435 (February 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.09.034 Copyright © 2006 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)–dependent and MyD88-independent TLR signaling. The TLR1/2 complex (recognizing bacterial peptidoglycan) and the TLR4/myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) complex (recognizing endotoxin) use the linkers Toll-IL-1R domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) and MyD88 to signal through IL-1R–associated kinases (IRAKs) and TNF-R–associated factor 6 (TRAF6), ultimately activating NF-κB. TLR3 (recognizing dsRNA) and the TLR4/MD2 complex (recognizing LPS) signal through the TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF), the TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM)/TRIF complex, and TRAF family member–associated NF-κB activator-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to activate the IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) for production of IFN-β. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2006 117, S430-S435DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2005.09.034) Copyright © 2006 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Terms and Conditions