Chapter 21 Reproductive System

Objectives Compare somatic cell division (mitosis) with germ cell division (meiosis) Explain the process of fertilization Identify the organs of the female reproductive system and explain their functions Explain menopause and the changes that occur during this time Describe the stages and changes that occur during the menstrual cycle Identify the organs of the male reproductive system and explain their functions List some common disorders of the reproductive system Define the key words that relate to this chapter

The Reproductive System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSN5gfbzgwc

Functions of the Reproductive System Accomplish reproduction Creation of new life Manufacture hormones Females – estrogen and progesterone Males – testosterone Meiosis Type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to one half the number found in a body cell; results in the formation of an egg or sperm Somatic (body) cells, in humans, contain 46 chromosomes in the nucleus

23 Pairs of Chromosomes

Female and Male Chromosomes (The 23rd Pair)

Fertilization Occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the egg nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell, or Zygote Fertilization restores the full complement of 46 chromosomes possessed by every human cell, each parent contributing one chromosome to each of the 23 pairs DNA All of the inherited traits possessed by the offspring are established at the time of fertilization The sex chromosomes of the male parent determine the sex of the child but other characteristics are a combination of both parents

Female Reproductive System Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External female genitalia Breasts

External Female Genitalia

Menstrual Cycle Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage or luteal phase Menstruation stage

Menopause When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end Commonly occurs between 45 and 55 years of age End of childbearing Anatomical changes

Male Reproductive System Testes and epididymis Ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts Penis Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Semen Erection and ejaculation Impotence/erectile dysfunction

Male Reproductive System

Contraception Abstinence Reasons for avoiding pregnancy Methods of contraception

Infertility When conception does not occur after trying for one year Fertility drugs Infertility treatments In vitro fertilization (IVF) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Zygote intrafallopian transfer Donor eggs and embryos

Effects of Aging – Female Menopause Declined estrogen and progesterone production Narrowing of vaginal opening, loss of tissue elasticity, and a decrease in vaginal secretions Atrophic changes

Effects of Aging – Male Sexual response is slower Obtaining and maintaining an erection becomes more difficult Prostate gland size increases, testes decrease in size and sperm level decreases Testosterone level decreases Viscosity of seminal fluid diminishes

Disorders – Female Reproductive System Amenorrhea Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Endometriosis Fibroid tumors Breast tumors Endometrial cancers Ovarian cancer Cervical cancer

Infections – Female Reproductive System Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Salpingitis Toxic shock syndrome Vaginal yeast infections

Disorders – Male Reproductive System Epididymitis Orchitis Prostatitis Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Prostate cancer

Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs) Also known as venereal disease Chlamydia Genital warts or human papillomavirus (HPV) Gonorrhea Genital herpes Syphilis Trichomoniasis vaginalis

Human Growth and Development http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/principles-of-growth-and-development.html#lesson

Human Growth and Development Infancy Toddler Preschool School-age Adolescence Early adulthood Middle adulthood Older adulthood