ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Atomic Structure All matter is composed of atoms. Understanding the structure of atoms is critical to understanding the properties of matter

HISTORY OF THE ATOM ATOMS John Dalton 1808 suggested that all matter was made up of tiny spheres that were able to bounce around with perfect elasticity and called them ATOMS

DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY 16 X 8 Y + 8 X2Y

Subatomic Particles mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e-

HISTORY OF THE ATOM ELECTRON Joseph John Thompson 1898 found that atoms could sometimes eject a far smaller negative particle which he called an ELECTRON

A = alpha B = gamma C = beta J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e- (1906 Nobel Prize in Physics)

CHARGE OF AN ELECTRON Millikan oil drop experiment gold foil helium nuclei Millikan oil drop experiment

HISTORY OF THE ATOM Ernest Rutherford 1910 oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his famous experiment. they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil which was only a few atoms thick. they found that although most of them passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit

Rutherford’s experiment.

Plum Pudding model of an atom.

Results of foil experiment if Plum Pudding model had been correct.

Actual Results.

A nuclear atom viewed in cross section.

Rutherford’s Model of the Atom atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m

Atomic Structure Atoms are composed of -protons – positively charged particles -neutrons – neutral particles -electrons – negatively charged particles Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus. Electrons are found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus.

HELIUM ATOM Shell proton N + - + N - neutron electron

Atomic Structure Every different atom has a characteristic number of protons in the nucleus. atomic number = number of protons Atoms with the same atomic number have the same chemical properties and belong to the same element.

Atomic Structure Each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1 dalton. The sum of protons and neutrons is the atom’s atomic mass. Isotopes – atoms of the same element that have different atomic mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons.

number of electrons = number of protons ATOMIC STRUCTURE He Atomic number 2 the number of protons in an atom 4 Atomic mass the number of protons and neutrons in an atom number of electrons = number of protons

X H H (D) H (T) U ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) = number of protons in nucleus MASS NUMBER (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons ISOTOPES are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus Mass Number X A Z Element Symbol Atomic Number H 1 H (D) 2 H (T) 3 U 235 92 238

Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure

Two isotopes of sodium.

HISTORY OF THE ATOM Niels Bohr 1913 studied under Rutherford at the Victoria University in Manchester. Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding that the electrons were in orbits. Rather like planets orbiting the sun. With each orbit only able to contain a set number of electrons.

MULTIELECTRON ATOMS

ELECTRONS IN ORBIT ABOUT THE NUCLEUS

n (principal quantum number) = 1,2,3,… Bohr’s Model of the Atom (1913) e- can have only specific (quantized) energy values light is emitted as e- moves from one energy level to a lower energy level En = -RH ( ) 1 n2 n (principal quantum number) = 1,2,3,… RH (Rydberg constant) = 2.18 x 10-18J

The Bohr Model of the Atom

Atomic Structure

The Bohr Model of the Atom: Ground and Excited States In the Bohr model of hydrogen, the lowest amount of energy hydrogen’s one electron can have corresponds to being in the n = 1 orbit. We call this its ground state. When the atom gains energy, the electron leaps to a higher energy orbit. We call this an excited state. The atom is less stable in an excited state and so it will release the extra energy to return to the ground state. Either all at once or in several steps.

Every element has a unique emission spectrum Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Atoms Every element has a unique emission spectrum

The Bohr Model of the Atom: Hydrogen Spectrum Every hydrogen atom has identical orbits, so every hydrogen atom can undergo the same energy transitions. However, since the distances between the orbits in an atom are not all the same, no two leaps in an atom will have the same energy. The closer the orbits are in energy, the lower the energy of the photon emitted. Lower energy photon = longer wavelength. Therefore, we get an emission spectrum that has a lot of lines that are unique to hydrogen.

The Bohr Model of the Atom: Hydrogen Spectrum

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 En = -RH n2 Ephoton = DE = Ef - Ei 1 Ef = -RH n2 1 Bohr showed the energy a H atom can have is equal to: ni = 3 En = -RH ( ) 1 n2 ni = 2 nf = 2 ni = 3 Ephoton = DE = Ef - Ei Ef = -RH ( ) 1 n2 f Ei = -RH ( ) 1 n2 i nf = 1 i f DE = RH ( ) 1 n2 nf = 1 RH is the Rydberg constant n is the principal quantum number

Line spectrum of some elements

LIGHT EMISSION OF SODIUM ATOM Line spectrum

Atomic Structure Neutral atoms have the same number of protons and electrons. Ions are charged atoms. -cations – have more protons than electrons and are positively charged -anions – have more electrons than protons and are negatively charged

If a neutral atom looses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. An ion is formed when an atom, or group of atoms, has a net positive or negative charge (why?). If a neutral atom looses one or more electrons it becomes a cation. Na 11 protons 11 electrons Na+ 11 protons 10 electrons If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons it becomes an anion. Cl- 17 protons 18 electrons Cl 17 protons 17 electrons