The Rise of Rome & Roman Government 2.02 Identify the roots of Greek civilization and recognize its achievements from the Minoan era through the Hellenistic period. 2.03 Describe the developments and achievements of Roman civilization and analyze the significance of the fall of Rome.

The Land & Peoples of Italy Narrow peninsula Mountain range runs down through middle Has some large plains for farming that allows it to support a large population Location on the Mediterranean makes it a crossroads between the eastern and western Mediterranean

The Land & Peoples of Italy The Peoples Latins Spoke Latin Moved into the area between 1500 BC to 1000 BC Were herders and farmers Settled near the hills of Rome

The Land & Peoples of Italy The Peoples The Greeks Came in large numbers between 750 and 550 BC Migrated up from southern Italy Heavily influenced the people of Rome Cultivated olives and grapes Passed on their alphabet Influenced sculpture, architecture, and literature

The Land & Peoples of Italy The Peoples The Etruscans Most influenced early Rome Located north of Rome Came into control after 650 BC Romans adopted their dress (toga and short cloak) Roman army borrowed their organization

The Roman Republic 509 BC the Romans overthrew the Etruscan king and established a republic Definition: Leader is not a monarch (king) Some citizens have the right to vote

The Roman Republic War & Conquest Engaged in continuous warfare for the next 200 years By 264 BC the Romans had conquered most of Italy Set up the Roman Confederation Allowed some people citizenship Most communities were made allies Could run their own affairs Had to provide soldiers for Rome Could eventually become citizens

The Roman Republic Successful Strategies Good diplomats Allowed conquered to become citizens Accomplished and persistent soldiers Did not give up in defeat Brilliant strategists Built new roads and towns so troops could easily move Practical Created political institutions in response to problems

The Roman Republic Roman Political Structure Patricians Plebeians Wealthy landowners Rome’s ruling class Men could vote Men could be elected to office Plebeians Less wealthy landowners, small farmers, craftspeople & merchants

The Roman Republic Roman Political Structure Government Consuls Two Chosen yearly Ran the government Led the army into battle Praetor In charge of civil law Eventually one more was added to handle non-citizens Also had officials who handled special duties such as the treasury

The Roman Republic Roman Political Structure The Roman Senate Select group of 300 patricians Served for life Originally only advised govt. officially Eventually had the force of law Centuriate Assembly Elected chief officials like consuls Passed laws Organized by classes based on wealth Council of the Plebs Came into being b/c of the struggle between the two social orders

The Roman Republic The Struggle of the Orders Plebeians thought they deserved political and social equality Struggle lasted for hundreds of years Plebs won Council of Plebs created in 471 BC 287 BC Council received right to pass laws Still did not have full equality

The Roman Republic Roman Law The Twelve Tables Roman Civil Law Rome’s 1st Code of Laws Adopted in 450 BC Proved inadequate for Rome’s needs Roman Civil Law Only applied to citizens Had to make special rules for issues with non-citizens

The Roman Republic Roman Law Law of Nations Universal law based on reason Included principles still used today People innocent until proven guilty Accused could go before a judge

Roman Expansion The First Punic War Against Carthage Began in 264 BC Romans didn’t like Carthaginians in Sicily Romans were forced to build a navy War ended when Roman navy won Sicily became 1st Roman province

Roman Expansion Second Punic War Carthage vowed revenge & added lands in Spain Rome encouraged ones of Carthage’s Spanish allies to revolt Carthage general Hannibal struck back Crossed the Alps with men, horses, and elephants Crossing was hard on the army Battle of Cannae Romans met Carthaginian army head on & lost 40,000 men Romans raised another army while Hannibal roamed Italy By 202 BC Romans pushed Carthage out of Spain and crushed Hannibal’s forces at the Battle of Zama Led by Scipio Africanus

Roman Expansion More Conquests 3rd Punic War fought 50 years later 146 BC Romans destroyed Carthage Inhabitants sold into slavery Carthage became a Roman province called Africa By 129 BC Roman also took over Macedonia, Greece, and Pergamum

The End of the Roman Republic By the end of the 2nd century BC the Senate was the governing body of Rome Roman Senators Landed Aristocracy Held office for life Directed wars Took control of foreign & domestic policy

The End of the Roman Republic Growing Unrest Over time the majority of Rome’s small farmers lost their lands Landless poor moved to cities Unrest grew

The End of the Roman Republic A New Role for the Army 107 BC: Roman general Marius begins to recruit poor for the army by offering land Volunteers swore an oath to the general not Rome 82 BC: Lucius Cornelius Sulla uses the military to take over Rome and wipe out the popular assemblies before giving power back to the Senate

The End of the Roman Republic The First Triumvirate Rome suffered civil wars for next 50 years Many people competed for power 3 men emerged victorious Crassus: richest man in Rome Pompey: military hero Julius Caesar: another military hero Formed the First Triumvirate Pompey ruled Spain Crassus ruled Syria Caesar ruled Gaul

The End of the Roman Republic The First Triumvirate Crassus died Senators were afraid of Caesar and voted that Pompey should rule alone Caesar refused and led his troops into Rome Crossed the Rubicon river Started a civil war Defeated Pompey Made dictator in 45 BC

The End of the Roman Republic Caesar’s Rule Gave land to poor Increased Senate to 900 members Weakened it by filling with his supporters Made his supporters in the provinces citizens Introduced the solar calendar Assassinated in 44 BC

The End of the Roman Republic The Second Triumvirate Octavian (Caesar’s heir) Antony (Caesar’s ally) Lepidus (Commander of Caesar’s cavalry) Within a few years power was between two Octavian: west Antony: east Soon began to struggle for power Antony allied with Egyptians & Cleopatra – eventually committed suicide

The Beginning of the Roman Empire The Rule of Augustus Octavian was called Augustus Maintained control over a standing army Was popular with the people Began a new system for governing the provinces Appointed deputies to govern Was able to stabilize the empire’s frontiers Conquered many new areas Could not conquer Germany

The Beginning of the Roman Empire Emperors & the Early Empire Successor selected from natural or adopted family 1st four emperors after Augustus were family Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Each took more power from the Senate Many became corrupt

The Beginning of the Roman Empire Civil war broke out after Nero’s death because without a system for choosing a new emperor they were controlled by the military 2nd century saw the 5 good emperors Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius

The Beginning of the Roman Empire Time of good emperors known as the Pax Romana Treated the people with respect Created social programs to help the poor Created building programs Hadrian’s wall across the northern border of Britain

The Beginning of the Roman Empire The Empire Expands At one time the empire extended from Britain, through Europe, into the Middle East and Northern Africa Became difficult to manage Cities spread Latin language, Roman law, and Roman customs

The Beginning of the Roman Empire Economy & Society Early empire was a time of prosperity Trade flourished Most people continued to farm There was still a large gap between rich and poor Thousands of unemployed survived on handouts from the emperor