STUDENT NOTES FOR CH. 16 HIS122

CHAPTER 16:Reconstruction, 1863-1877 The American Promise A History of the United States CHAPTER 16:Reconstruction, 1863-1877

“To Bind Up the Nation’s Wounds” Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan -Issued in December 1863 -Was designed primarily to do what?

Wartime Reconstruction From Slavery to Free Labor A New Federal Labor Code General William T. Sherman Freedmen’s Bureau

Wartime Reconstruction The African American Quest for Autonomy 1. Whites’ Response to Emancipation 2. Black Aspirations—What were they??

President Andrew Johnson’s Program of Reconciliation 1. Johnson’s Background and Beliefs?

White Southern Resistance and Black Codes Curbing Black Freedom—State governments across the South adopted a series of laws known as black codes ~How did black codes made a travesty of black freedom? 2. Johnson Refuses to Intervene—WHY?

The Freedmen’s Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Act of 1866: -Moderate Republicans declared that the president’s policy was wrongheaded and drafted two bills strengthening the federal shield of protection for the newly emancipated -Freedmen’s Bureau Bill prolonged the life of the agency; Johnson did what to the bill? -The Republicans’ second measure, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, nullified the black codes by affirming blacks’ right to equality; ended racial discrimination in state law -Congress vs. Johnson. Enough is Enough!

The Fourteenth Amendment and Escalating Violence -June 1866-Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution - Prohibited states from abridging the “privileges or immunities” of citizens, depriving them of “life, liberty, or property without due process of law,” and denying them “equal protection of the laws.” - Amendment dashed women’s expectation- WHY??

Radical Reconstruction and Military Rule The Military Reconstruction Act- In March 1867, divided the ten unreconstructed Confederate states into five military districts and placed a Union general in charge of each district to oversee political reform

Impeaching a President 1. Debating Impeachment 2. The Tenure of Office Act 3. Johnson’s Trial

The Fifteenth Amendment and Women’s Demands Voting Rights February 1869-15th amendment Fifteenth Amendment Prohibited states from depriving any citizen of the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude However, white Southerners would in time devise apparently ‘nonracial’ measures, Like what?

The Struggle in the South 1. Black Republicans—African Americans 2. Carpetbaggers 3. Scalawags 4. Party Friction and White Violence violence against blacks—the “white terror”—took brutal institutional form in 1866 with the formation of the Ku Klux Klan.

White Landlords, Black Sharecroppers Sharecropping- compromise? Planters rented small farms to freedmen, who paid with a share of that year’s crop, usually half; gave blacks more freedom and released them from day-to-day supervision of whites. ~Diagram on next slide…

Grant’s Troubled Presidency 1. In1868, Republicans campaigned by reminding voters that the Democrats were the party of rebellion; Republican Ulysses S. Grant narrowly won the popular vote but gained a substantial victory in the electoral college. 2. Rife with Scandal—Grant hoped to forge a policy that would secure both sectional reconciliation and justice for blacks, but Northerners increasingly wanted to let whites handle their own affairs. Had a corrupt administration advising him. 3. The Election of 1872—Anti-Grant Republicans grew disgusted with the corruption that plagued the president’s administration; launched the Liberty Party, which supported the end of the spoils system and the removal of the federal government from the South; but the nation still felt enormous affection for the man who had saved the Union and, in 1872, Grant won reelection with 56 percent of the popular vote. 4. Failures Abroad—Grant’s administration was not without accomplishments, but the South preoccupied Congress and undermined Grant’s initiatives.  

Northern Resolve Withers 1. Leaving Reconstruction Behind—Grant understood that most Northerners increasingly wanted to shift their attention from reconstruction to other issues, especially after the nation slipped into a devastating economic depression in 1873 2. Racial Prejudice—Underlying the North’s abandonment of reconstruction was unyielding racial prejudice; Northerners had learned to accept black freedom during the war, but prejudice prevented many from accepting black equality.

An Election and a Compromise The Election of 1876 2. The Compromise of 1877 3. The End of Reconstruction