Conflict & Absolutism in Europe Ch. 18 Conflict & Absolutism in Europe

Spain King Philip II of Spain Inherited vast empire, Spain and the Netherlands Demanded strict adherence to Catholicism and the authority of the crown Calvinists revolt in the Netherlands in 1609 Spanish Armada fails to invade England Spanish empire loses territory and power England and France grow in power

Holy Roman Empire The Thirty Years’ War Began as protestant rebellions against Holy Roman Empire Most of Europe became involved Struggle for power Ended with Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 Gave more power and territory to France, Sweden The Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist Hundreds of years before reunification

France Louis XIV (The Sun King) 72 year reign Ruled during French Exploration of New World France became leading world power Believed in divine right of kings Absolute power Economy strained under his rule Built Palace of Versailles- $$$ Foreign wars & colonies- $$$

Calvinists in France were called Huguenots Small % of population, but most were nobles Sought to take power from monarchy Persecuted by Catholics Edict of Nantes (1598) ends fighting Catholicism is official religion of France Huguenots were free to practice their own religion Could now hold political office as well

Russia Isolation Ivan the Terrible unified and expanded Russia Asian influence (Mongols conquered part) Eastern Orthodox Western Europe is Catholic and Protestant Geographically separated from Europe Ivan the Terrible unified and expanded Russia Was a cruel ruler Replaced by the Romanov Dynasty

Peter the Great Westernized Russia Improved military Large standing army and navy Western architecture Modernization of society Western dress, made men cut their beards Divided Russia into provinces

England House of Tudor Edward VI Henry VII was the first Tudor to rule Henry VIII established the Anglican Church Married 6 times, had 3 children Edward VI Youngest of Henry’s offspring, but only male heir Took power at age of 9 Responsible for many reforms in the Anglican Church Chronic health problems Fell ill & died at 15 Named his Protestant cousin, Jane Grey, as his successor

Spanish princess, devout Catholic Mary I Eldest of Henry VIII’s children Daughter of Catherine of Aragon, Henry’s 1st wife Spanish princess, devout Catholic Had Jane Grey beheaded & claimed power Restored Roman Catholicism to England Persecuted religious dissenters- “Bloody Mary” Died after 5 years of rule

Elizabeth I Elizabeth took throne after Mary died Daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn (2nd wife) Restored the Church of England Kept some Catholic traditions within the church Puritans wanted to rid church of all Catholic practices Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots Mary plotted to kill Elizabeth Catholics again attempting to end Anglican rule Elizabeth had Mary beheaded Never married, died with no heir

James I Son of Mary, Queen of Scots Believed in divine right of kings Shouldn’t have to share power with Parliament Puritans did not like the king’s support of the Anglican church Wanted to make it more Protestant Puritan numbers grew, formed a large part of House of Commons

Charles I Son of James I Believed in absolute power of a king Faced same issues with Parliament as his father Tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England Thousands of Puritans left for America

Parliament opposed his tax measures Sent him the Petition of Rights The king could not tax people without Parliament’s permission The king could not declare martial law He could not board soldiers in private homes during peace times The king could not imprison people without a specific charge Charles signed petition, but ignored it

The Long Parliament Parliament wanted to be in charge of the army Charles refused to compromise, led troops into House of Commons to arrest opponents Neither side would compromise As a result Civil War broke out in 1642

The English Civil War Cavaliers Roundheads Called royalists, supported the king Roundheads Supported Parliament Oliver Cromwell Organized New Model Army and defeated Charles Charles I tried for treason, executed

Rump Parliament (“The Leftover Parliament”) Cromwell expelled any members of Parliament who did not support him Proclaimed England a commonwealth Abolished monarchy and House of Lords Cromwell had difficulty working with Rump Parliament Dispersed it by force, set up military dictatorship Cromwell ruled harshly until his death (5 years)

Restoration Cromwell’s rule was unpopular Parliament invited son of Charles I to return Charles II restored monarchy Policies of religious tolerance fueled protestant fear that he would bring back Catholicism Parliament passed the Test Act Only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices

Charles II converted to Catholicism on his deathbed Had no legitimate children His Catholic brother James II assumed power upon his death Began appointing Catholics to positions of power Catholic monarchy  possible rebellion

The Glorious Revolution English nobles invite Dutch leader William of Orange to invade England Much of James II’s army defects as William’s army marches to London James flees to France Bloodless transfer of power in English monarchy

English Bill of Rights William agreed to the following: Parliament can make laws & levy taxes Only Parliament can raise an army, not the king Trial by jury Right to bear arms Created a constitutional monarchy

Changes in English Government Toleration Act Religious freedoms for Puritans, but not Catholics or Jews Act of Settlement Catholics are disqualified from ruling England Act of Union United England and Scotland into Great Britain Ireland added later