Chapter 4 – The Human World Global Cultures Population Geography Political Geography Economic Geography Urban Geography

Global Cultures Culture – the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs. Languages – Key element in a culture’s development. Communication Dialect – local form of language that differs from the main language Pronunciation & Meaning of words Religion Government Language families – large groups of related languages having similar roots & developed from one earlier language Organized by Linguists, scientists who study languages.

Global Cultures Religion -  an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, & Sikhism Beliefs vary significantly around the world Enables a sense of identity Influences aspects of daily life Moral values, tradition, and holidays Symbols, history, art, architecture, music, etc. Social Groups – develops to help the members of a culture work together to meet basic needs. Family is most important in most cultures Family structures vary Social Classes – groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education, ethnicity, etc. Ethnic Groups - group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or place of origin.

Global Cultures Government – maintains order within the country, provides protection from outside dangers, and supplies services to its people. Organized according to levels of power and authority Power – national, regional, & local Authority – single ruler, small group of leaders, body of citizen or their representatives Economics – the study how a culture utilizes its natural resources to meet such human needs as food and shelter. Culture region – many different countries that have certain traits in common, including language, religion, economic systems, and values. Cultural diffusion – the spread of cultural traits, material and non- material, from one culture to another. Culture hearth – a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward.

Global Cultures Information revolution – the introduction of computers and the internet into world communication. Globalization – the expansion of economic, political, and cultural ideas to the point where they become global in scale & impact. Connectivity – the degree of connection or separation between people, places, and things. Standard of Living – the level of wealth, goods, and necessities available for people to live. Outsourcing – setting up businesses abroad to produce parts/products for domestic use or sale. Pandemic – the spread of disease across a large area or even the world.

Population Geography 7 billion people live on Earth Inhabit 30% of Earth’s land area 9 billion expected by 2050 Demography – the study of populations. Birthrate – number of births/year for every 1000 people. Death rate – number of deaths/year for every 1000 people. Natural increase – the growth rate of a population. Birthrate – Death rate = Growth Rate Does not include migration Migration – the movement of people from place to place. Immigrant – a person who comes to live, permanently, in another country. Emigrant – a person who leaves their home country to settle permanently in another country.

Population Geography Demographic transition – the model that uses birthrate and death rates to show how population changes over time. Zero population growth – birthrate & death rate are equal Doubling time – number of years it takes a population to double in size. Varies depending on country. Community – people with common interests living in a particular area. Population pyramid – a diagram that show the distribution of a population by age and gender. Trend – a general movement.

Population Geography Population distribution – the variations in population that occur across an area. Affected by physical geography Asia – 60% of the World’s population Population density – the average number of people living on a square mile of land. World – Population = 7 billion…120/sq.mi. Macau (1) – Population = 615K…55K/sq.mi. Greenland (244) – Population = 56K…0.08/sq.mi. United States (182) – Population = 320 million…85/sq.mi. China – 1.4 Billion…369/sq.mi. Canada – 36 million…9/sq.mi.

Political Geography Nearly 200 independent countries A government must make and enforce policies and laws that are binding upon all people living within its territory. Unitary System – gives all key powers to the national or central government. United Kingdom, France Federal System – divides the powers of the government between the national government and state or provincial governments. The United States Autocracy – government in which one person rules with unlimited power and authority. Oldest and most common form of government Totalitarian – dictator controls all aspects of government Germany…Hitler, Iraq…Hussein, Cuba…Castro, N.Korea…Jong Un Monarchy – king or queen

Political Geography Monarchy – a hereditary king or queen has supreme power. Absolute Monarch – Saudi Arabia Constitutional Monarch – United Kingdom, Japan, Jordan, Sweden Share governmental power Oligarchy – a small group holds power. Wealth, military power, social status China – Communist/Military Theocracy – a divine power is head of the government. Religious leader Iran – Ayatollah (Imam) Sharia Law Democracy – the leaders rule with consent of the citizens. The United States

Political Geography Natural boundaries – follows physical geographic features such as mountains or rivers. US/Mexico border Cultural boundaries – geographically divide identifiable cultures, such as religion or language. Israel Geometric boundaries – a boundary that follows a geometric pattern. US/Canada border, N.Korea/S.Korea border, United States

Economic Geography Three basic economic decisions What & how many goods should be produced. How they should be produced. Who gets the goods & services produced. Traditional economy – tradition and custom control all economic activity. Old Indian cultures Market economy – based on free enterprise. Businesses are privately owned. Prices determined by supply and demand. Shoppers determine what will me produced and sold based on free enterprise Free enterprise – private individuals or groups have the right to own businesses and make profit with limited government interference. People have the choice of what to buy and where to work Capitalism – factors of production are privately owned. Mixed economy – the government supports and regulates free enterprise through decision that affect the marketplace. The United States Command economy – government owns/directs the means of production and the distribution of goods. Communism & Socialism

Economic Geography – Economic Development Primary economic activities – Taking or using of natural resources directly from the land. farming, fishing, forestry, & mining Secondary economic activities – use of raw materials to make products Manufacturing automobiles, pottery Tertiary economic activities – provide services to people and businesses Doctors, teachers, lawyers, bankers, truck drivers Quaternary economic activities – process, management, and distribution of information “white collar”, information technology Industrialization – the development and spread of industry.

Economic Geography More developed countries – highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure. United States, Japan, United Kingdom High literacy rates – 95%+ Good health care High education level Long life expectancy Newly industrialized countries – transitioning from primarily agricultural to primarily manufacturing and industrial activity. Mexico, China Literacy rates between 60-90% Varying education Varying health care Increasing life expectancy Less developed countries – exhibits the lowest indicators of socioeconomic success. Agriculture remains dominant. Pakistan, Ethiopia, Haiti Low literacy rate - < 60% Few years of education Low expenditures on health care Low life expectancy

Urban Geography Urban sprawl – spreading of urban developments on land near a city. More than 50% of the world’s people live in cities. 82% of Americans live in a urban area. Connectivity – the directness of routes & communication linking places. Metropolitan area – a region that includes a central city and its surrounding suburbs. Urban – a city or town. Rural –the countryside, located outside of a city or town. Suburban – residential area outside of a town or city. Urban land use models – the way land is used in urban area Concentric Zone Model – a city grows outward, from a central point, in a series of rings Sector Model – a city develops in sectors instead of rings. Multiple Nuclei Model – city contains more than one center around which activities revolve.

Urban Geography Central place theory – a spatial theory that attempts to explain the reasons behind the distribution patterns, size, and number of cities and towns around the world. World city – cities generally considered to play an important role in the global economic system. International, diverse culture Active influence on world affairs Large population International airport Advanced transportation system New York, Washington D. C. , Paris, Tokyo Urbanization - population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.