COLD WAR

Origins of the Cold War 1917 Russian Revolution 1919 Red Scare 1941-1945 Distrustful Allies 1946 Russian Domination of Eastern Europe Satellite State Warsaw Pact Iron Curtain

Initial U.S. Response Containment Truman Doctrine 1946 U.S. policy designed to limit the expansion of USSR expansionism and the spread of communism Truman Doctrine 1946 President Truman’s economic and military initiative to protect Greece and Turkey from totalitarian rule and communism Marshal Plan (George Marshall) 1947 U.S. plan to provided economic aid to European countries suffering after World War II. Goal was to prevent the countries from choosing communism.

Situation Heats Up Berlin Airlift 1948 Creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in 1949 USSR tests atomic weapon in 1949 – arms race begins Communist Revolution in China 1949 birth of People’s Republic of China China and Russia create an alliance

Korean War Korea had been liberated from Japan during WWII. The USSR temporarily controlled the north and the U.S. the south – divided along the 38th parallel 1950 Communist North Korean forces attacked South Korea U.N. sent in a U.S. dominated force that pushed the North Koreans all the way back to the Chinese border (led by Douglas MacArthur) China warned it wouldn’t tolerate hostile forces near its border – MacArthur ignored warning. China struck, pushing U.N. forces all the way back to the 38th parallel MacArthur wanted to bomb China – Truman said shut up, MacArthur kept talking, got fired Peace talks began in 1951 Armistice in 1953 Communism was contained in Korea

Second Red Scare Loyalty Review Board Smith Act and McCarran Internal Security Act House Un-American Activities Committee Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Joseph McCarthy 1950-1954 Went after “Communists” Working class supported him because most of his “victims” were wealthy Strong popular support cowered his Republican and Democratic critics – Republicans also didn’t mind that he was hurting Democrats Public got a taste of his work when he went after the army in televised hearings His bluff was called and support declined when people saw him in action. He was censured by the Senate

Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro defeated the Cuban dictator in a coup during 1959 Because Castro nationalized industries (American) and created a Communist government, the U.S. is alarmed. Eisenhower cut off trade with Cuba. In 1961, President Kennedy gave the CIA the authority to attempt a coup against Castro with Cuban exiles. Invaded at the Bay of Pigs The forces had to surrender, there was no uprising. Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 U.S. learned that USSR was building missile silos in Cuba President Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba Secretary Khrushchev challenged the U.S. blockade, but eventually backed down Considered to be the closest the U.S. and USSR came to war

Vietnam War France tried to regain Vietnam after the Japanese took it during WWII Vietnam not having it – fought back and France was forced to give it up in 1954 Vietnam was divided between governments controlling the north (Ho Chi Minh) and south The U.S. provided financial support the South (Ngo Dinh Diem) Vietnamese government Domino Theory

Vietnam War Kennedy sent military advisors into Vietnam (16000 by 1963) President Johnson used Gulf of Tonkin incident as a reason to get Congress to escalate U.S. action April, 1965 U.S. combat troops in Vietnam Strong support and criticism of U.S. military action in Vietnam – created credibility gap between government and citizens Tet Offensive 1968 – North Vietnamese attacked U.S. forces. The U.S. fought back and handed a major defeat to the Vietcong – but the devastation was viewed by millions on television – public opinion turned against the war May, 1968 – peace talks under way in Paris and U.S. escalation is over, but the war goes on Nixon’s Vietnamization U.S. invaded Cambodia in 1970 – major protests (Kent State) Massacre at My Lai Armistice – Paris Accords January, 1973 U.S. leaves Vietnam 58,000 dead and $118 billion spent

Space Race Soviet Union was the first country to launch a satellite into orbit Sputnik was launched in 1957 while the American space program experienced failures U.S. responded by increase funds for science and math education and the creation of NASA

Cold War 1970s-1989 Nixon and China Arms Control Ronald Reagan Soviet Union “evil empire” Military and arms buildup Support for Latin American dictators fighting communist (leftist) groups Overthrow of Communist regimes (Nicaragua and Grenada) Iran-contra Affair Gorbachev and Reagan Soviet reforms Arms reduction Afghanistan

End of Cold War George H. W. Bush diplomat and president Gorbachev ends support of Communist governments Gorbachev and Bush sign arms reduction treaties Revolutions throughout eastern Europe (1989-1990) Soviet republics declare independence Failed communist coup gives death blow to USSR Russia Republic with its president ,Boris Yeltsin, becomes dominant state

Review What event brought the U.S. and USSR closest to war? The Marshall Plan provided ___ to European countries. ___ worked to contain the spread of communism in Latin America. During __ the U.S. was successful in containing the spread of communism in East Asia. Military alliances created during the Cold War included the USSR’s ___ and the U.S.’s ____. The reforms of ___ during the late 1980s were one of the factors leading to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Military response to the ___ was successful, however, American public opinion turned against the Vietnam War. President Kennedy authorized an invasion of Cuba at ____. The launching of __ frighten Americans and gave the USSR temporary supremacy in space. The 1950s Red Scare was used by ___ to his and the Republican Party’s advantage.