Efficacy and adverse effects of ketamine as an additive for paediatric caudal anaesthesia: a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials† 

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Efficacy and adverse effects of ketamine as an additive for paediatric caudal anaesthesia: a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials†  A. Schnabel, D.M. Poepping, P. Kranke, P.K. Zahn, E.M. Pogatzki-Zahn  British Journal of Anaesthesia  Volume 107, Issue 4, Pages 601-611 (October 2011) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer258 Copyright © 2011 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Flow diagram of the included and excluded studies according to the PRISMA statement. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011 107, 601-611DOI: (10.1093/bja/aer258) Copyright © 2011 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Pooled data analysis assessing the duration of postoperative analgesia (h) (‘time until first rescue requirement’). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011 107, 601-611DOI: (10.1093/bja/aer258) Copyright © 2011 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Pooled data analysis of the subgroup assessing the possible influence of local anaesthetic (LA) dose on the duration of postoperative analgesia (h) (‘time until first rescue requirement’). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011 107, 601-611DOI: (10.1093/bja/aer258) Copyright © 2011 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Pooled data analysis of PONV as the most common adverse event after the caudal administration of ketamine and local anaesthetics (LA) vs LA alone. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011 107, 601-611DOI: (10.1093/bja/aer258) Copyright © 2011 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

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