Splash Screen

A Great Debate (cont.) Factors that worked against the Anti-Federalists: Their campaign was a negative one. The Federalists were better organized. Most of the nation’s newspapers supported the Federalists. Section 3

A Great Debate (cont.) The arguments for ratification of the Constitution were summarized in The Federalist—a collection of 85 essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. The essays explained how the new Constitution worked and why it was needed. The Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–1790 Section 3

Farmers, merchants, and artisans who lived near the coast supported the Federalists because a strong central government could take which actions? A. Regulate trade consistently. B. Impose taxes on foreign goods. C. Prohibit the British from stealing goods. D. A and B E. B and C A B C D E Section 3

Battle for Ratification The promise of a Bill of Rights paved the way for the ratification of the Constitution. Section 3

Battle for Ratification (cont.) In Massachusetts opponents of the Constitution held a clear majority when the convention met in January 1788. In response to Samuel Adams, the Federalists promised to attach a bill of rights to the Constitution once it was ratified. They also promised to reserve for the states all powers not specifically granted to the federal government. Section 3

Battle for Ratification (cont.) Upon hearing the proposal for the bill of rights, Virginia governor Edmund Randolph agreed to support the new Constitution. The Virginia convention voted narrowly for the new Constitution, 89 in favor and 79 against. The vote in favor of the Constitution was also very close in New York—30 to 27. Section 3

Battle for Ratification (cont.) In September 1788, the Confederation Congress established a timetable for the election of the new government. Section 3

A. North Carolina and South Carolina The last two states to ratify the Constitution were which of the following? A. North Carolina and South Carolina B. Rhode Island and North Carolina C. South Carolina and Pennsylvania D. Maryland and New Jersey A B C D Section 3

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The Articles of Confederation Weaknesses No power to regulate commerce No power to compel states to obey international treaties signed by the Congress No military forces No power to tax No power to print or coin money VS 1

The Articles of Confederation Effects States impose trade restrictions and tariffs on each other’s goods States restrict Britain’s ability to collect debts from Americans; Congress cannot reach a financial settlement with Britain; Britain refuses to evacuate forts on American soil Spain denies Americans permission to deposit goods at mouth of Mississippi; Congress has no leverage to force Spain to negotiate States issue money, inflation makes the currency worthless; debt problems lead to rebellion in Massachusetts and riots in Rhode Island VS 1a

The Federal Constitution Decisions at the Constitutional Convention New Jersey Plan to amend the Articles of Confederation is rejected Virginia Plan to create a federal Constitution is approved Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise) gets both small and large states to support the Constitution: Congress will have a House of Representatives, elected by the people, and a Senate, whose members are chosen by the states Three-Fifths Compromise gets Southern and Northern states to support the Constitution: enslaved people will count as three-fifths of a free person for determining representation in Congress and taxes owed VS 2

The Federal Constitution Checks and Balances of the Federal Constitution Federal government has three branches: executive (headed by a president), legislative (Congress), and judicial President can veto laws but Congress can override a veto President commands the military; Congress votes all funds and taxes President selects his cabinet and nominates judges, but the Senate must approve the nominations Congress can impeach the president and judges and remove them from office To get the Constitution ratified, supporters also promised to add a bill of rights (Amendments 1–10) to further limit federal power VS 2

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financier one who deals with finance and investment on a large scale Vocab11

bill of rights a summary of fundamental rights and privileges guaranteed to a people against violation by the state Vocab12

framework a set of guidelines to be followed Vocab13

specific restricted to a particular individual, situation, relation, or effect Vocab14