Spread of Cholera https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jG1VNSCsP5Q

Chain of Infection Infectious agent Reservoir host Portal of exit Route of transmission Portal of entry Susceptible host

Chain of Infection

The Chain of Infection Infectious Agent Reservoir Host Susceptible Host Portal of Exit Portal of Entry Mode of Transmission

Infection Control Defense mechanisms Scope of problem Nosocomial infection Handwashing Industrial illness Needlestick injuries

Infection Control Regulatory agencies CDC OSHA

Asepsis The state of being free from disease-causing contaminants Medical asepsis or clean technique Free of living pathogenic microorganisms Surgical asepsis or sterile technique Absence of viable pathogenic organisms

Breaking the Chain Breaking just one link, stops the infection

Break the Chain ID source of infecting microorganism Stop means of transmission Protect susceptible host Hand washing Decontaminate surfaces and equipment Avoid contact when contagion Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Follow isolation precautions

Maximize Resistance Provide good hygiene Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake Decrease stressors that weaken the immune response

Normal Flora Resident flora: microorganisms that normally inhabit specific sites of the human body No problem in one area, infection in another Transient flora: microorganisms that are not normally present Can cause infection

Normal Flora Use standard precautions Hand washing Removes transient flora Diminishes resident flora

Standard Precautions Follow at ALL times Prevents contact with microbes Blood Body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat Nonintact skin Mucous membranes

Standard Precautions are Hand washing PPE Patient-care equipment Environmental control Linen Needle disposal

Isolation Consequences to patient Transmission-based precautions Airborne precautions Droplet precautions Contact precautions Neutropenic precautions

Methods to Inhibit or Destroy Microbes Bacteriostatic Bacteriocidal or germicidal Antiseptics- kill microorganisms Disinfectants- kill microorganisms on non-living objects Sterilization- kills all forms of microbial life

The Risks Blood-borne pathogens Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D HIV

Tuberculosis (TB) Airborne pathogen Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis No prevention Skin test give for detection Still a problem in the United States Drug-resistant strains developing

Drug Resistant Organisms Developed from overuse of antibiotics Developed from patients who do not complete antibiotic treatment Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

Reporting exposure Any exposure to blood or body fluids must be reported immediately Written incident or injury report Exposure Control Plan Scrubbing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8OLnyJ3mAc