Present perfect

Present perfect To express activities (occured or did not occur) before now at some unspecified time in the past. To express activities that were repeated several or many times in the past. To express activities that began in the past and continued to the present.

Positive S + have / has + Past participle (V3) Negative S + haven’t / hasn’t + Past participle (V3) Introgative have / has + S +Past participle (V3)?

To express activities (occured or did not occur) before now at some unspecified time in the past. They have already had lunch. Jim hasn’t given the homeworks. Have you ever eaten salad there?

To express activities that were repeated several or many times in the past. Anna has visited London three times. She has eaten at that restaurant many times. I have had four tests so far this week.

To express activities that began in the past and continued to the present. I have lived in Bekasi for twenty years. John and Marry have been in the class since nine o’clock this morning. We have known about this place for ten weeks.

Present perfect progressive To express how long an activity has been in progress. To express the duration (length of time) an activity is in progress.

Positive S + have / has + been + Ving Negative S + haven’t / hasn’t + been + Ving Introgative have / has + S + been + Ving?

To express how long an activity has been in progress. I have been studying English at this university since September. Adam has been sleeping for two hours. How long have you been sitting on that chair?

To express the duration (length of time) an activity is in progress. I have been singing for twenty minutes. We have been reading this book since seven o’clock.