UNIT 8 - REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

UNIT 8 - REPRODUCTION Life on Earth has existed for 4 BILLION years It is reproduction that has made the continuation of life possible ALL living creatures reproduce

UNIT 8 - REPRODUCTION Reproduction ensures SURVIVAL of the species Each species reproduces using its own unique method. There are many different forms They reproduce either ASEXUALLY or SEXUALLY

ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL reproduction requires involvement of only ONE living organism. - It does NOT depend on the presence of MALE or FEMALE parts. - This form of reproduction produces offspring that ARE IDENTICAL to the parent

ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL reproduction requires involvement of TWO PARENTS: a MALE and a FEMALE - The offspring may share many similarities to their parents, they possess UNIQUE genetic make up that consists of a combination of genes from BOTH parents

ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Lilac trees can reproduce • Starfish can reproduce both both ways. There flowers ways. They can find a mate SEXUALLY and their shoots (base) SEXUALLY or they can regrow ASEXUALLY from a parent cell ASEXUALLY

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS Plants can reproduce Asexually and Sexually. Asexually: Many plants reproduce from their OWN organism – root, stem, or leaf Sexually: Three ways – flowers, cones, or spores and seeds

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS GYMNOSPERM – means naked seed. Coniferous trees produce this. Seeds develop in female cones once the ovules have been fertilized. ANGIOSPERM – means enclosed seed. Flowering plants produce this. They need to pollinated (think bees). Pollination leads to fertilization where both the male and female gametes combine

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS SEED DISPERSAL – There are 5 AGENTS of dispersal: 1) Animals 2) Water 3) Wind 4) The Plant itself (plants shoot the seed out) 5) Humans

REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS Invertebrates – (97% of all animal species) can reproduce both Asexually and Sexually Vertebrates – can only reproduce Sexually Asexual reproduction – Individual animals produce BUDS that develop directly on the parent. Once they reach maturity, they break off and become independent.

REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS Sexual reproduction – Many animals reproduce differently. Male animals produce MALE GAMETES or SPERMATOZOA Female animals produce FEMALE GAMETES or OVA (eggs) To be successful, sexual reproduction needs 2 things: The male and female gametes must be in the same place at the same time (to create a ZYGOTE) The zygote must obtain nutrients and protection to survive. It must also get warmth and moisture for its developement

REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS Fertilization occurs when the sperm and the egg of a single species combine. 2 Types of Fertilization External (release gametes, zygotes are created outside) Internal (male gamete released directly into female) Hermaphrodites have BOTH male and female reproductive organs

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS ALL humans begin their life as a tiny fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) ZYGOTE first few days EMBRYO fist few weeks FETUS unborn baby (40 weeks) 40 weeks can be broken down into TRIMESTERS: First Trimester (Week 1 to 13) By week 4 embryo has grown 500 times the original size – measures 8-10cm by the end Second Trimester (Week 14 to 26) Measures 27-35cm long. Most organs are present. Can hear, breath, and has fingerprints Third Trimester (Week 26 to birth) Measures 50cm. Immune system has developed. Recognizes moms voice and can distinguish light & dark

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (MALES)

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (MALES) ORGAN FUNCTION SCROTUM Pouch that contains the testicles. Maintains temperature. TESTICLES Contains the seminiferous tubules SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES Produce an average of 400 million spermatozoa a day EPIDIDYMIS Sperm is stored here in wait for ejaculation VAS DEFERENS Sperm enters before being released PROSTATE Produce semen that contains sperm, nourishes and increases ejaculation release URETHRA Semen flows through this at the tip of the penis COWPER’S GLAND Releases a fluid in urethra to neutralize the acid of the urine which would threaten the health of the sperm

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (FEMALES)

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (FEMALES) ORGAN FUNCTION OVARIES Two ovaries that release one ovum every other month (28 days) FOLLICLES Each follicle contains a single egg, and brings it to maturity FALLOPIAN TUBES The egg is released and travels through the fallopian tubes lasting 24 to 48 hours where it can be fertilized UTERUS A hollow pear shaped organ. The ZYGOTE develops in the uterus VAGINA The passage where the penis penetrates to release its sperm. The baby also comes out through the vagina

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (FEMALES) THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE 28 day cycle that starts with MENSTRUATION (your period) First 4 days Next 10 days (to DAY 14) is a lead up to fertilization – OVULATION Last 14 days the body prepares for the fertilized egg or it tears it down and prepares for menstruation and a new cycle

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Early Childhood Childhood Adolescence Adulthood

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS PUBERTY Happens during adolescence Hormones increase – rapid growth MALES FEMALES Increase hormone production (TESTOSTERONE) Increase hormone production (ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE) Major production of Spermatozoa begins Eggs start getting released every 28 days (a girl’s period) Hair and Muscle growth Breast development Deeper Voices Widening of hips

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS SEX & FAMILY PLANNING Creating the optimum opportunity to prepare for pregnancy OR pregnancy prevention Men produce sperm EVERYDAY Women have a Menstruation cycle EVERY MONTH

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS STI’S BACTERIAL INFECTIONS SYPHILIS GONORRHEA CHLAMYDIA VIRAL INFECTIONS HEPATITIS B HIV / AIDS CONDYLOMA (genital warts) GENITAL HERPES

REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS STI’s