Muslim Civilizations Ch. 10

The rise of Islam Section 1

Muhammad the Prophet Born in Mecca (a thriving city of trade) Worked as a Shepherd, later became a merchant Married Khadija- a wealthy widow Became known for his honesty in business and was a devoted husband and father Troubled by the moral ills of Meccan society

He would often escape to a cave to meditate There he heard voice of Angel Gabriel- calling him the messenger of God His wife encouraged him to follow the call 1st convert to Islam He devoted his life to spreading Islam

The Hijra Many people feared Muhammad’s views- did not want to disrupt trade 622 Muhammad and followers were forced to flee Mecca and settled in Yathrib (later called Medina) Known as a hijra In Medina, converted Muslims welcomed Muhammad and followers War broke out between Muslims of Medina and Meccans

Muhammad defeated Meccans allowing him to return to Mecca in 630 He destroyed idols in the Kaaba Rededicated the Kaaba to Allah 632 Muhammad died leaving no successor Islam continued to spread

Building a Muslim Empire Section 2

Abu Bakr Abu Bakr became 1st caliph Muhammad’s father-in-law & early Islam convert Some people removed their loyalty to Islam because they were dependent on Muhammad’s personal command Abu reunited Muslims based on their allegiance to Islam

Sunnis vs Shiites Split over who should succeed Muhammad Shiites: Believed Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) was designated his successor Divinely inspired religious leaders who were empowered to read & interpret the Quran Sunnis: Believed a pious male Muslim from Muhammad’s tribe could be the leader of the religious community Viewed as a political leader of the religious community without divine or prophetic function Majority of Muslims today

3rd tradition of Islam emerged Sufis 3rd tradition of Islam emerged Muslim mystics that sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals Some were believed to have miraculous powers

Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age Section 3

Social and Economic Advances Vast trading network Led to new business practices Developed a system of accounting Agriculture flourished Social Mobility Could move up in society with accomplishments Helped free slaves

Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture Reflected diverse traditions of various people under the Muslim rule Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Indians Prized the art of storytelling 1001 Nights- Best known collection of stories Perfected skills in calligraphy

Established Baghdad as the greatest Muslim center of learning Centers of Learning Established Baghdad as the greatest Muslim center of learning Cairo, Cordoba, and Timbuktu are also centers of learning Scholars made advances in philosophy, mathematics, medicine, and other fields

Al-Khwarizmi pioneered algebra Math & Medicine Al-Khwarizmi pioneered algebra Wrote a standard mathematics textbook used in Europe Pharmacists and Physicians had to pass a standardized test Learned to treat cataracts Created medical textbooks

Ottomans VS Safavids Section 5

Ottoman Empire (Sunni Muslims) They were a Turkish-speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into Northwest Asia Minor Mehmet II succeeded in capturing Constantinople Cannons helped the Ottomans out power the Byzantines Renamed the capital Istanbul Suleiman: “The Lawgiver” & Suleiman the Magnificent Extended the Ottoman Empire to be the largest and most powerful empire in Europe and the Middle East for centuries

After Suleiman’s death, the empire began to decline Killed two of his able sons because they were suspected of treason Under Selim II (Suleiman’s son) the bureaucracy became corrupt European advances left Ottomans behind Other empires began to conquer Ottoman lands

Safavids (Shiite Muslims) This dynasty had united an empire in Persia (Present day Iran) Were forced into constant warfare over religion Best known King- Shah Abbas (the Great) Used force and diplomacy against Ottomans Tolerated non-Muslims Safavids declined after death of Shah Abbas