Chapter Eleven Innovation and Change 授課教授：任維廉老師 報告人：9832515許程詠

自我介紹 人種：嘉義人 經歷 : 協同高中→東海工工→交大運管 嗜好 : 上網，打球 論文方向 : 利用灰色理論在遺失資料插補的應用

Outline Why need changes? How to change? Strategy types of changes Implementations of changes Q&A

Environmental Forces Driving the Need More Large-Scale Changes in Organizations Structure change Mergers, joint ventures, consortia Strategic change Horizontal organizing, teams, networks Culture change New technologies, products Knowledge management, enterprise New business processes resource planning E-business Quality programs Learning organizations More Threats More domestic competition Increased Speed International competition Global Changes, Competition and Markets Technological Change International Economic Integration Maturation of Markets in Developed Countries Fall of Communist and Socialist Regimes More Opportunities Bigger markets Fewer barriers More international markets

Changes Type of changes（變革） Elements for successful changes Incremental changes Radical changes Elements for successful changes Internal Creativity and Inventions Suppliers Professional Associations Consultants Research literature Organization SuppliersProfessionalAssociationsConsultantsResearchliterature: 提供專業的研究文獻 Customers Competition Legislation Regulation Labor force：顧客競爭力和規範勞動法律 Perceived Problems or Opportunities：已知的問題與機會 1. Ideas 3. Adoption 4.Implementation 2. Needs Customers Competition Legislation Regulation Labor force 5. Resources Perceived Problems or Opportunities

Incremental Change Radical Change Continuous progression Paradigm-breaking burst Affect Organizational part Transform entire organization Through normal structure and management processes Create new structure and management Technology improvements Breakthrough technology Breakthrough 突破 Product improvement New products, new markets

Strategic Types of Change Leadership Vision Product and Service Strategy and Structure Culture Technology International Environment The Market

Technology Change General Manager Using Department Creative Department Expand capabilities — Explore and develop new ideas (Organic structure) 有機組織 Using Department Exploit capabilities — Routine application of new ideas (Mechanistic structure) 機械組織 Corporate entrepreneurship：企業與創新 Venture teams ：創業團隊，新的風險基金 Switching structures -- brainstorm new ideas Creative departments -- organic and mechanistic Venture teams -- new-venture fund Corporate entrepreneurship -- idea or management champion

New Product Success Rates

New products and Services Market success rate for R&D projects: 14% → Customer’s need ! Environment Technical Developments Customer Needs Organization General Manager R&D Department Marketing Production Coord Horizontal Coordination Model

Strategy and Structure Change Dual Core Approach Administrative changes -Design and structure of a organization -control and information systems, authority hierarchy and departmental grouping. Type of Innovation Desired Administrative Structure Technology Administrative Core Technical Core Administrative changes行政的改革 authority hierarchy and departmental grouping權利的分層和部門的分組 Direction of Change: Top-Down Bottom-Up Examples of Change: Strategy Production Downsizing techniques Structure Workflow Best Organizational Design for Change: Mechanistic Organic

Culture Change Forces for culture change Reengineering/Horizontal organization Diversity The learning organization (organization development; OD) OD culture changes interventions（干預） Large group intervention Team building Interdepartmental(跨部門) activities

Strategies for implementing changes Most important crucial and difficult. Leadership for change initial contact ：初次接觸 decision to implement：決定如何實現 Institutionalization：制度化

Strategies for implementing changes Barriers to change Excessive focus on costs Failure to perceive benefits Lack of coordination and cooperation Uncertainty avoidance Fear if loss of power or status Techniques for implementation Establish a sense of urgency for change Establish a coalition to guide the change Create a vision and Strategy for change Develop plans to overcome resistance to change Create change teams Foster idea champions Foster idea champions：培養點子冠軍

Q&A 創新和變革（改變）在企業中時常發生，如何界定兩者的不同？ 通常變革（改變）會帶來員工的抗拒，如何解決？