Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall EQ: Describe the Four groups of organic compounds found in living organisms? Photo Credit: © John Conrad/CORBIS Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Molecule A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Molecule Hydrogen Bonds Because of their partial positive and negative charges, polar molecules can attract each other. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acids, Bases, and pH Acids, Bases, and pH A water molecule is neutral, but can react to form hydrogen and hydroxide ions. H2O   H+ + OH- Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acids, Bases, and pH The pH scale  Chemists devised a measurement system called the pH scale to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acids, Bases, and pH Acids An acid is any compound that forms H+ ions in solution.  Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acids, Bases, and pH Bases A base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH- ions) in solution.  Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Acids, Bases, and pH Buffers  The pH of the fluids within most cells in the human body must generally be kept between 6.5 and 7.5. Controlling pH is important for maintaining homeostasis. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins Macromolecules Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are important source of energy Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Examples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen Starch Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain. Glucose Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Lipids are generally not soluble in water. The common categories of lipids are: fats oils waxes steroids Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. ribonucleic acid (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. polymers of molecules called amino acids. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Some functions of proteins: Control rate of reactions – Enzymes Used to form bones and muscles Transport substances into or out of cells Help to fight disease - antibodies Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall LEFT SIDE ACTIVITY Read Pages 44-48 of you text book. Compose a One Pager based on the text. Use the importance of carbon as the central idea. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A One-Pager is a creative response to your learning experience. It allows you to respond imaginatively while being brief and concise in making connections between words and images. We think about what we see and read differently when we are asked to do something with what we have seen or read. We learn best when we create our own ideas. Your personal thinking about what you have experienced should be understood by the audience that views the One-Pager. Follow this format for your One-Pager Title the One-Pager appropriately to reflect the content. Use colored pens, pencils, or markers. The more visually appealing it is the more your peers will learn. Fill the entire page. Be purposeful about the arrangement of your One-Pager. For example, have a reason for using a certain color or for placing an object in a certain place. Write two quotations from the reading or activity. Use the proper grammatical format. Use three visual images, either drawn or cut out from magazines, to create a central focus to your page. Place five essential vocabulary words/phrases around the images. These terms/words/phrases should express the main ideas, your impressions, feelings, or thoughts about what you have seen or read. Write the main idea of the reading. Write two Costa’s Level 2 or 3 questions and answer them. Put a symbolic colored border around the edges of the page. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall