Managing the Great Depression, Forging the New Deal, 1929‒1939 James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 23 Managing the Great Depression, Forging the New Deal, 1929‒1939 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

I. Early Responses to the Depression, 1929–1932 A. Enter Herbert Hoover 1. American traditions 2. Hoover’s failures

I. Early Responses to the Depression, 1929–1932 B. Rising Discontent 1. Hoovervilles 2. The Bonus Army

I. Early Responses to the Depression, 1929–1932 C. The 1932 Election 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt 2. The worst winter .

II. The New Deal Arrives, 1933–1935 A. Roosevelt and the First Hundred Days 1. Banking Reform 2. Agriculture and Manufacturing 3. Unemployment Relief 4. Housing Crisis

II. The New Deal Arrives, 1933–1935 B. The New Deal Under Attack 1. Critics on the Right 2. Critics on the Populist Left illion. 10

III. The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935–1938 A. The Welfare State Comes into Being 1. The Wagner Act and Social Security 2. New Deal Liberalism

III. The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935–1938 B. From Reform to Stalemate 1. The 1936 Election 2. Court Battle and Economic Recession

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society A. A People’s Democracy 1. Organized Labor 2. Women and the New Deal 3. African Americans Under the New Deal

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society A. A People’s Democracy (cont.) 4. Indian Policy 5. Struggles in the West IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society A. A People’s Democracy (cont.) 4. Indian Policy – John Collier, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), pushed through the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (sometimes called the Indian New Deal): reversed the Dawes Act, gave Indians increased religious freedom and more power to tribal governments; government still financially controlled reservations. 5. Struggles in the West – Government promoted “repatriation” of Mexicans (deportation), about 60 percent of those deported were U.S. citizens; others left voluntarily; in California, Mexican American Movement (MAM) was organized with help from New Deal funds; discrimination against Asians and Asian Americans worsened with economic downturn; many were ineligible for citizenship and aid.

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society B. Reshaping the Environment 1. The Dust Bowl 2. Tennessee Valley Authority 3. Grand Coulee IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society B. Reshaping the Environment 1. The Dust Bowl – A severe drought on the Great Plains between 1930 and 1941; over 350,000 “Okies” sought to leave the region for California; Soil Conservation Service tried to work with farmers to prevent future soil erosion by not producing certain crops and planting certain grasses. 2. Tennessee Valley Authority – Started in 1933; integrated flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, and agricultural and industrial development, dams; Rural Electrification Administration (REA) helped bring electricity to the region with loans to farmers. 3. Grand Coulee – The Grand Coulee Dam was built on the Columbia River in Washington State; largest electricity-producing structure in the world.

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society C. The New Deal and the Arts 1. Federal Art Project 2. Federal Theatre Project