Commercial Structural Framing Systems The Skeleton of the Building The structure of life I have described in buildings . . . is deeply and inextricably connected with the human person, and with the innermost nature of human feelings. - Christopher Alexander Civil Engineering and Architecture © 2010 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

Commercial Structural Framing Systems Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Commercial Structural Framing Systems Purpose Low Rise Framing Systems Cast-in-Place Concrete Structural Steel Load Bearing Walls Hybrid Systems Cost Structural Efficiency Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems PURPOSE The purpose of structural framing is provide Strength – Holds the structure up (and holds it down) despite Gravity (vertical) loads Lateral (sideways) loads Stability – Maintains the shape and minimizes movement Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Framing Systems Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Commercial Framing Systems Low Rise (three stories or less) commercial framing systems may be similar to residential construction Wood framing Light gauge steel framing Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Framing Systems Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Commercial Framing Systems However, usage of commercial buildings often differs from residential usage. Commercial building considerations Heavy traffic Heavier loads More wear and tear Larger open spaces Easy Maintenance Because commercial buildings are subjected to heavier loads and more wear and tear, commercial buildings must be stronger and more durable than typical residential construction. In addition, the owners of commercial buildings desire easy, low cost maintenance. Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Common Commercial Framing Systems Cast-in-Place Concrete Framing Structural Steel Framing Load Bearing Walls Hybrid Systems Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Cast-in-Place Concrete Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Cast-in-Place Concrete Forms are built Reinforcing is placed Concrete is poured and finished in place Wooden forms used to cast slabs Left picture: Wooden forms were used to cast the concrete slabs. Center picture: Cast-in-place concrete can be formed to almost any shape. Right picture: Concrete is pumped to higher floors. ©iStockphoto.com Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Cast-in-Place Concrete Frame Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Cast-in-Place Concrete Frame Concrete Column Structural Concrete Slab Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Structural Steel Structural members are fabricated off site Members are delivered to the site Members are erected per the design ©iStockphoto.com Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Structural Steel Framing Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Structural Steel Framing Structural Steel Column Open Web Steel Roof Joists Structural Steel Floor Beams Steel Decking Lateral Brace Courtesy Connie Bertucci Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Load Bearing Walls Masonry Pre-cast concrete Tilt-up concrete Load Bearing Walls Wood Framing Light Gauge Steel Framing Structural Steel Floor and Roof Courtesy IOP Rec Center Masonry load bearing walls with light gauge steel trusses Courtesy Tilt-up Concrete Association Tilt-up load bearing walls with structural steel and open web steel joist floor and roof framing Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Load Bearing Walls Open Web Wood Floor Joists Load Bearing CMU Wall Courtesy Carolina Concrete Masonry Association Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Hybrid Framing Systems Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Hybrid Framing Systems Structural Steel Framing Cast-in-Place Concrete Load Bearing Walls Courtesy TexAZ Business Park Hybrid Systems combine two or more different framing systems Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Cost The cost of construction is an important consideration when choosing a structural system The cost of a structure is directly related to the weight of materials used to build the structure Lower material weight = Lower cost Higher material weight = Higher cost Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Structural Efficiency Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Structural Efficiency Ratio of the maximum design load that a structure will carry to the weight of the structure itself Higher structural efficiency means less material weight = Lower cost Lower structural efficiency means more material weight = Higher cost Design Load = Load a structure is designed to carry Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Structural Framing Systems Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Commercial Structural Framing Systems Purpose Low Rise Systems Cast-in-Place Concrete Structural Steel Load Bearing Walls Hybrid Systems Cost Structural Efficiency Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems References Ching, Francis D. K., and Cassandra Adams. Building Construction Illustrated, 3rd Edition. (2000) New York: Wiley. Ramsey, Charles George. Ramsey/Sleeper architectural graphics standards. (2000) New York: John Wiley. Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010

Commercial Frame Systems Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 3 – Lesson 3.1 – Commercial Building Systems Image Sources Tilt Up Concrete Association. http://www.tilt-up.org/ iStockphoto. http://www.istockphoto.com/index.php Connie Bertucci, Victor Senior High School, Victor, NY TexAZ Commercial Properties, LLC Carolinas Concrete Masonry Association. http://ccmaonline.com/about-carolinas-concrete/about-us.htm Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010