Early American Presidents: Setting the Stage for U.S. Policy

Dealing with the Debt! Big ideas Hamilton’s Plan Pay back France as soon as possible: to make sure that if we needed to borrow again, France would trust us to pay us to pay it back Wait 15 years to pay back our citizens BUT they would get more money State debt would become a part of national debt Move national capital to Washington D.C.

The Rest of the Plan National Bank Taxing Hamilton wanted to try and build more American businesses Wanted to create a national bank to help loan individuals money to build companies Led to an argument over “strict” vs. “loose” interpretation of the Constitution Democratic Republicans: strict interpretation: the national govt can only do what is specifically in the Constitution Federalists: loose interpretation: the government can do things outside of Constitution if it is necessary Taxing Whiskey Excise Protective Tariff These taxes were meant to make money for America to help pay back the debt

Reactions by Democratic Republicans Led by Thomas Jefferson NOT HAPPY!!!!! Debt- felt they were paying back debt too quickly Bank- felt this gave national too much power Excise Tax- felt too many taxes Whiskey Rebellion Tariff- too many taxes (only part of Hamilton’s plan that does not pass and become law)

Other Things Washington Did The Good: Pinckney’s Treaty: between America and Spain. Spanish Indians in Florida attacking the U.S.- in return Spain allows the U.S. to use the Mississippi River and New Orleans for trade Judiciary Act of 1789- our national court system is organized The Divisive: Proclamation of Neutrality: France was in the middle of a civil war- citizens wanted democracy. Washington says that we will remain neutral due to the fact that it would cost America too much money- makes the democratic republicans angry. Jay’s Treaty: U.S. signs a peace treaty with Great Britain who was also fighting against the French citizens during the French Revolution. This ended British attacks on American trade ships BUT made the Democratic Republicans and France very angry.

The Next Election Two main candidates: The winner: John Adams John Adams- Federalist Thomas Jefferson- Democratic Republican The winner: John Adams The problems he faced…. Biggest: France He is not Washington

Adams’ biggest problem WHY???

XYZ Affair What happened: France impressing American ships- Adams sends a peace negotiation team to France to try and end impressment. The Americans are kidnapped and held hostage for 200,000 dollars and a 10 million dollar loan. Adams refuses to pay- begins an undeclared naval war with France.

Major Divide!!!!! The Reaction at Home… Federalist: Democratic-Republicans Mainly traders (sold goods in America and Europe) Most affected by the impressment and the war Support declaring war against France They argue that all of these problems with France are due to the fact that we didn’t help them during the French Revolution We did this to ourselves No war with France Major Divide!!!!!

John Adams Responses Fears a civil war in America Allows Congress to pass the Alien and Sedition Acts These laws were meant to silence the Democratic Republicans- took away their freedom of speech

Democratic Republican Response Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: these laws passed in Virginia and Kentucky say that the Alien and Sedition laws are void in these states. This makes Adams send a second peace keeping mission to France- ends the undeclared naval war with France.

The Election of 1800 Nicknamed: “Revolution of 1800” Three main contenders: John Adams- Federalist Thomas Jefferson- democratic republican (tie) Aaron Burr- democratic republican (tie) First time: that power shifts from one party to another in the Executive Branch (presidency)- that’s why Jefferson nicknames the election the Revolution of 1800

What would Jefferson do? What people thought: What actually happened: Lessen the power of the National government Use strict interpretation of the Constitution (meaning he would only do what was specifically written in the Constitution) Fewer taxes Support France Uses a lot of national government power Uses loose interpretation of the Constitution Increase the size of the U.S. military- tax money Not go to war with Britain when they attack the U.S.

Marbury vs. Madison- Supreme Court Case What happened: Supreme court rules that Constitution does not allow them to force Jefferson to give Marbury his job. This starts “judicial review”- the power of the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution

Louisiana Purchase What happened: Jefferson wants to New Orleans, but Napoleon (France) offers to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $15 million. Great deal for America. The problem for Jefferson is that he would have to use loose interpretation of the Constitution which his party does not believe in. He does it anyway and it is incredibly beneficial to America.

Lewis and Clark What happened: Two explorers hired by Jefferson to map the Louisiana Purchase

Effects of the Louisiana Purchase More than doubled our size Lead to an interest in moving west Begins Manifest Destiny: belief that it was our God-given duty to expand to the Pacific Ocean

Chesapeake Incident What happened: Britain comes over to the Chesapeake Bay in America and they attack the American ship the U.S.S. Chesapeake. Kill 5 Americans. Makes many Americans want to go to war with England

Embargo Act What happened: Jefferson signs the Embargo Act in response to the Chesapeake Incident. He cuts off all trade with all European countries. This cuts the American income by 50%. This doesn’t affect European countries at all.

Effects of the Embargo Act Average American income falls by 50% Ruins Jefferson’s image as president- takes years to come back! Forces America to develop their own industries- so in the long run, it really helps us!

James Madison Becomes President Problems he has: Increasing Native American tensions Americans want revenge after the Chesapeake Incident that they didn’t get with the Embargo Act Political Division

Calls for War YES!!! NO!!!

Causes of the war Native American Stuff: Native Americans attacking U.S. settlements out west The U.S. is taking away Native American lands out west Tecumseh- a Native American leader who is trying to unite the Native Americans against the U.S. government

Causes of the war With the British A lot resentment left over from the American Revolution Chesapeake Incident British are encouraging Native American attacks on the Americans Americans want the land Britain owns in Canada

Causes of the war Other Stuff: Failed Embargo Act Growth of the War Hawks: group in America that supported going to war against Great Britain Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun Main support of war: Democratic-Republicans (South and West) Opposition: Federalists (North)

War Breaks Out- Big Events! Invasion into Canada: America burns the British capital in Canada Battle of Thames: Tecumseh dies- Native Americans leave the war Burning of Washington D.C.: Britain burns the White House and the Capital Battle of Fort McHenry: Francis Scott Key write the “Star Spangled Banner” Treaty of Ghent: ended the war Battle of New Orleans: Andrew Jackson to defeats the British navy- the most powerful navy in the world. He becomes a war hero and America looks really powerful. Doesn’t impact the end of the war because the treaty has already been signed.

Key People James Madison: president during the war Andrew Jackson: become a war hero- Battle of New Orleans Oliver Perry: naval commander for U.S. Tecumseh: leader of the Native Americans during the war

Short Term Effects What is a short term effect? Anything happens right at the official end of the war Nothing changes as a result of the war- no land exchanges hands, no money is given to either side. NO ONE WINS! America is seen as officially being independent

Long Term Effects Britain and America no longer want to fight Rush Bagot Agreement: demilitarization treaty in the Great Lakes (decreased their warships to 5 each) British American Convention: meeting where American and Britain would determine the boundary between the U.S. and Canada America now can focus on domestic issues Expansion begin in America Nationalism in America grow

Leaving Mr. Madison’s War- Moving on to Monroe Elected in 1816 (Democratic-Republican) Served: 1817-1825 Term nicknamed: “Era of Good Feelings”

Nationalism (Cultural and Political) and the Era of Good Feelings Examples of Nationalism during the Era of Good Feelings: Basically a one-party system (Democratic-Republicans) Solidified American expansion and borders Secured US as a respected nation Growth of a national economy Webster’s school speller Various paintings of Revolutionary War heroes, etc.

Foreign Policy Big Events during Monroe’s Presidency: Rush-Bagot Agreement Adams-Onis Treaty Back to Africa Movement British-American Convention Monroe Doctrine