Civil Rights USH-8.1

I. Why now? Happened after WWII b/c: Desegregation of the military Northern AA experience Jim Crow while training in South Truman starts civil rights commission to prevent lynching and desegregate military Seeing the Final Solution brought our own beliefs and practices into question

II. Brown vs. Board of Education Collection of 5 cases about segregation Trying to change “separate but equal” Plessey v Ferguson Gets to the Supreme Court Unanimous decision says “separate CANNOT be equal” Desegregation needs to happen “with all due speed” Most in South go as slow as possible

III. Little Rock Nine Nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957 Initially prevented from entering the segregated school by the Governor Attended after President Eisenhower used federal troops to protect them

IV. Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks won’t get up AA boycott bus system and set up “taxi” system Non-violent boycott of over a year is lead by Martin Luther King, Jr. Bus system loses so much money they change the rules

V. Sit-ins People nonviolently occupying an area for a protest AA went into lunch counters and other whites-only places and sat down No destruction or violence, just sitting Their punishment showed the world Jim Crow was stupid

VI. Freedom Rides Activists rode buses into the South They were black and white Most places in the South had not followed any of the desegregation laws In many places they were mobbed and the activists beaten and imprisoned

VII. March on Washington In 1963, a huge rally was held in Washington, D.C. It was for AA to ask “for Jobs and Freedom” Helped to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” speech

VIII. Freedom Summer In 1964, a campaign was started to register as many AA voters as possible in Mississippi Dozens of Freedom Schools, Houses, and community centers to help AA Met with lots of violence 4 workers and 3 AA killed 80 beaten 1,062 arrested 37 churches burned 30 black homes & businesses burned

IX. Selma Marches Protest marches from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery Protesting the death of a black boy by the police Starts w/ “Bloody Sunday” Protest where 600 marchers were attacked by cops with clubs & tear gas 2 days later, 2,500 protesters tried again and forced to turn around 7 days later, completed march w/federal protection Army, National Guard, FBI, Federal Marshals

X. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Meant to outlaw major forms of discrimination against all minorities Racial Ethnic National Religious disabilities Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson Was weak at first, but other laws helped to enforce it

XI. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Legislation to help enforce the 15th Amendment Attempts to end voting restrictions for AA Signed into law by President Johnson

XII. Black Power Black Power Movement was aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African descent racial pride creation of black political and cultural institutions advance black values defense against racial oppression establishment of social institutions

XII. Black Power Malcolm X Joined the Nation of Islam in prison Became very prominent Very militant and violent Broke away b/c they couldn’t accomplish all he wanted Was assassinated by NoI members in 1965

XIII. Women’s Rights Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique Book opened the second wave of feminism Showed how unhappy many American women were National Organization for Women (NOW) To promote rights for and help women Grew out of the Civil Rights Movement

XIII. Women’s Rights Equal Rights Amendment Roe v Wade (1973) Guaranteed equal rights for women Passed Congress, but not the states Roe v Wade (1973) A state could not make abortion illegal

XIII. Other Rights Chicano Movement To give social, educational, and economic equality to Hispanic-Americans restoration of land grants farm workers' rights enhanced education voting and political rights, awareness of collective history

XIII. Other Rights Occupation of Alcatraz Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) said all out-of-use federal land was returned to the Native people Alcatraz had been closed in 1963 and been declared surplus federal property in 1964 89 American Indians occupied for nineteen months US gov’t had to force them out Indian Civil Rights Act in 1968 guaranteed Native Americans many civil rights Most were a repeat of the Bill of Rights