Science and Technology in the 17th Century London Royal Society & French Society of Royal Science Physics and Mathematics - Isaac Newton Chemistry - Robert Boyle Medicine - William Harvey & Marcello Malpighi

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Father of Modern Physics Mathematician, Astronomer, Physicist and natural Philosopher. Born on Christmas day 1642 in Lincolnshire, England. Father died 3 months before his birth Came from poor family of farmers He gained school education from King's School at Grantham

He earned degree from Trinity College, Cambridge, England. He studied about Calculus, Optics and the Law of Gravitation Professor Newton Taught from 1668 to 1691 He was Maths Professor in Trinity College, during his Professorship he wrote Principia. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathamatica or Principia or Natural Philosophy in 1687. It dealt with principle of universal gravitation and provided an explanation both of falling bodies on the Earth and of the motions of planets.

Optics Optics (1704) presented his discoveries of light. It dealt with discoveries of light and explanation about the light. He examined the seven colour –VIBGYOR Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red which constitute sunlight.

Newton’s Law of Motion Law of Inertia F=ma Action-Reaction

Newton’s Law of Motion An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Force is equal to the mass times the acceleration (F=ma) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

He gave an explanation about the formation of tides He gave an explanation about the formation of tides. He points out that the highest tides occurs at times when the sun and the moon reinforces each other attraction of earth. He identified the Saturn’s ring with the assistance of Telescope. In 1669 he elected as one of the eight foreign associates of France Academy of Sciences. In 1672 he elected a Fellow to the Royal Society and became the President of Royal Society of London.

Robert Boyle 1627-1691 Father of Chemistry Composer of Modern Chemistry Theory Born on 25th January 1627 at Muster in Ireland. son of Richard Boyle He got his school and college education from Eton in Ireland. He moved to Geneva and Italy for further study, where he studied about the astronomical discoveries of Galileo.

His contribution In 1654 he went to Oxford University and where he set up a small lab for his scientific research. Where he invented Air Pump or vacuum pump commonly called the “Machina Bolyeana”. He formulated the Boyle’s law in 1662. He was the first to conduct experiments on gas. He studied the relationship between the pressure of gas and its volume. Pressure goes up as volume goes down

Boyle’s Law Temperature is constant Pressure and volume are inversely related at constant temperature PV= T P - Pressure of the gas V - volume of the gas T - Temperature must be constant His Air Pump experiment concerning the relationship between the pressure and volume of gas within a closed system.

In 1668 he moved to London and continued his scientific research. He maintained friendship with Isaac Newton His work ‘The Sceptical Chemistry’ published in 1661. he was one of the member in the Royal Society of London and played major role for its growth.

William Harvey 1578-1657 England Physician Early Life & Education: Son of Thomas Harvey, a merchant Born at Folkestone, in England on 1st April 1578 He got his school education from King's School, Caterbury in England Yearned degree education from Cains College, Cambridge

In 1597 he went to University of Padua, Italy to study medicine, he learned medicine from his professor Fabricius and Cremonini He received his Doctoral degree in Medicine in 1602 from University of Padua, Italy After getting Doctoral, he returned to London as a Physician in St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. Then he appointed as a Lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians. later he was acted as court physician to James I and Charles I

Discoveries: According to Galen blood forms from liver and which send to other parts. one more opinion about Galen’s theory, who believed blood stood in body like the sea. he was the first to describe accurately how blood was pumped around the body by the heart.

Presented his theory that blood circulates in the body like “a river with no end” He announced the theory in 1616 In 1628 he published his theories in a book entitled “An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals” (Originally it was known as Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus)

He concluded that blood circulates continuously through the body and that it flows from the heart to the arteries and again from the arteries to the veins and from the veins to the heart again. He proved the circulation of blood scientifically and experimentally. But there was criticism about Harvey, he cannot explain, how the blood entering into the veins and back to the heart.

He found that heat beats seventy two times in a minute. He was first to suggest that humans and other mammals reproduced via the fertilisation of an egg by sperm. He died on 3rd June 1657

Marcello Malpighi 1628-1694 Early life and Education Italian physician, anatomist, botanist, biologist Early life and Education born on 10th March 1628 at Crevalcore near Bologna in Italy. in 1646 he entered the University of Bologna, Italy to study medicine and philosophy. in 1653, he received degree in Medicine and Philosophy. he worked as Professor of Anatomy in university of Bologna, Italy.

Discoveries He initiated the science of micro anatomy and considered as the founder of micro anatomy. In 1660 he discovered the capillaries in the lungs of the frog. He used the microscope to describe major types of plant and animal structure. He observed the microscopic components of liver, brain, kidneys He discovered the capsule in the kidney it is popularly called Malpighian capsule of the kidney.

he discovered the circulation of blood from the arteries to the veins, a fact not discovered by Harvey. he identified the red corpuscles or red blood cell. first to record notes about finger print characteristics. fingerprints were unique. he studied about silk worms with the support of microscope. he was one of the pioneers in the science of microscopy. died on 29th November 1694 in Rome.