Cell Basics.

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Presentation transcript:

Cell Basics

What IS a Cell? The smallest unit of structure and function in all living things Cells work together to make up tissues Humans are made of BILLIONS of cells!

Discovery of Cells 1600’s: Time of discovery in the area of cell biology Leeuwenhoek: First to magnify nature with a lens (mid 1600’s) Called the “father of microbiology”

Robert Hooke: Monk who was the first to magnify plant material (cork) Saw small divisions that he named “CELLS” Made his discovery in 1665

Matthias Schleiden Botanist Made the discovery that all plants are made of cells Made his discovery in 1838

Theodor Schwann Physiologist Made the discovery that all animals are made of cells Made his discovery in 1839

Rudlof Virchow Pathologist In 1855, he made the discovery that all cells come from another pre-existing cell

Cell Theory The summary of all cell biology research Developed in the 1800’s Explains how cells and life connect All living things are made of cells Cells are the smallest units of structure and function in living things New cells come from existing cells

Types of Cells Prokaryotic Pro= before Very simple cells No true nucleus No membrane bound organelles Has cell membrane and cytoplasm Has a single, circular DNA strand (genetic material) Can respond to the environment (irritability) Bacteria

Eukaryotic Eu= true More complex Has a true nucleus that houses double-stranded DNA Has membrane bound organelles Mitochondria, vesicles, smooth/rough ER…etc. Has cytoplasm and a cell membrane Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals are all made of eukaryotic cells

Cell Structures Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance that all organelles float in Contains organic molecules In constant motion “Cytoplasmic Streaming” http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/animation_-_cytoplasmic_streaming.html

Organelles Small structures that perform a special function for the cell “ Small Organs”

Types of Organelles Mitochondria: The “powerhouse” of the cell Creates cellular energy in the form of a molecule called ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate) Cellular energy created through a process called cellular respiration Double layered which increases surface area

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) A system of tubes which move molecules throughout the cell “Intracellular Highway” Can be covered with ribosomes- Rough ER Ribosomes make proteins Enzymes on the Rough ER change proteins into other forms Can also be without ribosomes-Smooth ER Function to create lipids

Ribosomes “Protein Factories” Can be imbedded on the rough ER or floating in the cytoplasm Most abundant organelle in a cell Made of RNA and proteins Makes more proteins with plans given from DNA in the nucleus

Golgi Body/Golgi Apparatus The “UPS” or “Fed-Ex” of the cell Processes, packages and secretes proteins and other molecules both inside and outside of the cell Secretes molecules in vesicles Example: hormones

Lysosome “Stomach” of the cell Contain digestive enzymes Break down proteins, carbohydrates and lipids that the cell can use Breaks down organelles the cell no longer needs Cleans up cellular clutter

Centrioles Found only in Animal Cells Rod-shaped bodies which guide the cell during cell division (mitosis)

Vacuoles Storage organelle for water, wastes, enzymes, salt and organic molecules Plant cells have large organelles Up to 90% of the plant cell is the vacuole Plants need a great deal of water because of photosynthesis Animal cells have small organelles called vesicles

Plastids Found only in plants Chemical factories to create energy Often contain pigment Example: Chloroplast Contains chlorophyll which traps solar energy for photosynthesis

Cytoskeleton The framework of the cell Made of protein filaments Two types- Microfilaments and Microtubules Microfilaments Microtubules Protein threads Protein tubes that maintain cell shape. Used for cytoplasmic streaming Organelles move on tubules like train tracks Smaller than microtubules In some cells make cilia and flagella Act as “muscles” of cell Act as “bones” of cell

Cilia and Flagella Aid in movement Cilia: “Hair-like” Flagella: “Whip-like”

The Nucleus Parts of the Nucleus First Identified in 1831 Is the “brain” of the cell Houses DNA molecule Parts of the Nucleus Nuclear Envelope/Membrane: Double layer of phospholipids and proteins Has pores to allow molecules to enter and leave

2. Nucleoplasm: Cytoplasm in the nucleus -protein rich fluid 3 2. Nucleoplasm: Cytoplasm in the nucleus -protein rich fluid 3. Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes, made of RNA 4. Chromatin: DNA and protein coiled together -Genetic material -Chromosomes: Chromatin that coils together during mitosis

The Cell Membrane Cell structure that is found in both plant and animal cells Made of proteins and phospholipids Moves like a liquid “Fluid mosaic model” Allows molecules in and out of the cell Is considered “semi-permeable” or “selectively permeable”

Plant vs. Animal Cells Both cells are eukaryotic Plant Cells: Cell Wall Structure made of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane Plastids Chloroplast (green), leucoplasts (white), chromoplast (orange, yellow) Large vacuole 90% of plant’s volume

The Endosymbiotic Theory A theory stating that prokaryotic cells developed into organelles in larger eukaryotic cells Mitochondria have their own DNA Cyanobacteria (blue-green bacteria) are said to have developed into chloroplasts

Viruses Are NOT cells Are NOT living until they find a host Cause diseases such as the common cold, the flu, polio, HIV Have a protein capsid coating that “tricks” cells into accepting the virus Virus then takes over the genetic machinery of the cell http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter18/animation_quiz_1.html