Effect of pre-emptive ketamine on sensory changes and postoperative pain after thoracotomy: comparison of epidural and intramuscular routes  Ozyalcin.

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Effect of pre-emptive ketamine on sensory changes and postoperative pain after thoracotomy: comparison of epidural and intramuscular routes  Ozyalcin N.S. , Yucel A. , Camlica H. , Dereli N. , Andersen O.K. , Arendt-Nielsen L.   British Journal of Anaesthesia  Volume 93, Issue 3, Pages 356-361 (September 2004) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeh220 Copyright © 2004 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Intraoperative fentanyl consumption. *Fentanyl consumption was significantly lower in the epidural ketamine group than in the control group (P<0.01). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004 93, 356-361DOI: (10.1093/bja/aeh220) Copyright © 2004 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Postoperative morpine (a) and marcaine (b) consumptions. (a) *Total morphine requirement was significantly lower in the i.m. ketamine group than in the control group. **Total morphine requirement was significantly lower in the epidural ketamine group than in the i.m. ketamine and control groups. (b) **Total bupivacaine requirement was significantly lower in the epidural ketamine group than in the i.m. ketamine and control groups. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2004 93, 356-361DOI: (10.1093/bja/aeh220) Copyright © 2004 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

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