From The Congress of Vienna to The Unifications of Italy and Germany Mid-19th c European Nationalism From The Congress of Vienna to The Unifications of Italy and Germany

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Europe’s Reaction to French Revolution and Napoleon I. Kings/ministers Europe’s major powers A. Redrew map of Europe B. Goals (Conservatism) = 1. “Turn back clock” to “good old days” return to “rule of legitimacy” 2. Set up “ balance of power” in Europe 3. Prevent another “ Napoleon” C. Led by Prince Metternich (Austria)

II. Conservatism: Change & reform rejected: return to divine right absolutism Newspapers/magazines censored Political comment/cartoons forbidden Committee set up to report “troublemakers No Protests allowed

III. Results Progress stopped for a few years European insisted on rights and a voice Words of French “Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen” won’t die D. Soon, nations ruled by others fight for freedom E. Legacy of French Revolution and Napoleon 1. Patriotism 2. Nationalism 3. Self-determination Legacy of French Revolution & Napoleon=

Italian Unification

Italian Nationalist Leaders King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Soul”] Count Cavour [The “Brain”]

Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

Italian Unification After fall of Roman Empire, Italy = many independent city-states the Resurgence" or "revival"),

B. Italians begin to feel that one united state would strengthen them: The “ Risorgimento” ( the revival ) is born:

C. Three leaders emerge to achieve this: Giuseppe Mazzini – “ The soul” writer: dreamed of unified Italy founded: “Young Italy” to achieve dream wrote: Inspiring books about the dream

2. Camillo di Cavour – “ the Brain” Prime Minister of Sardinia Used brilliant diplomatic maneuvers to unite most city-states by 1860

Cavour & Napoleon III (France) What “deals” are made here? Meet at Plombières, 1858 What “deals” are made here?

3. Giuseppe Garibaldi – “The Sword” Provided revolutionary force: The “Red Shirts” Overthrew government of Sicily Schemed with Cavour to join Sicily with Sardinia – so now Victor Emanuel is the King of Italy

A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)

Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

German Unification

Precursor: German Unity: The Zollverein 1834 $ German customs union led by Prussia $ Stimulate trade/ increase revenues $ No tariffs on products traded between member states $ All German states except Austria members by 1853 $ Economic unity > political unity

Zollverein, 1834

Key Players

Kaiser Wilhelm I

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck The “Iron Chancellor” Realpolitik “Blood & Iron”

Otto von Bismarck . . . . The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . . I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

The German Confederation: Pre 1860’s, German speaking part of Europe = many independent states

1861: King Wilhelm I Inherits throne of Prussia Goal = unite all German states under Prussia How? BY FORCE!! Otto von Bismarck, prime minister, used a policy of “BLOOD AND IRON” Prussia will force all to join!

Step #1: The Danish War [1864]

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck pressures other states to join

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] Bismarck maneuvers France to declare war on Prussia France loses (Bismarck knew it would!)

Siege of Paris 1871 ( Franco-Prussian War) A butcher selling unusual meats

Siege of Paris 1871( Franco-Prussian War) Zoo Animals sacrificed for survival

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] France forced to pay huge $$ indemnity $$ ( 5 billion francs in war reparations) AND was occupied by German troops until it was paid ! (Oh the indignity!) France lost Alsace-Lorraine (region rich in iron ore with flourishing textile industry) AKA “the terrible crime of 1871”

Bismarck & Napoleon III at France’s Surrender

Napoleon III to Bismarck: “ I might forgive you. History might forgive you. But the French people will never forgive you!”

Coronation of Kaiser (Emperor)Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

Germany now united: Country of Modern Germany established

German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

HOW DOES GERMANY ACHIEVE ITS GOALS ? FOOD FOR THOUGHT HOW DOES GERMANY ACHIEVE ITS GOALS ?

Summary: Self-Determination Italy & Germany = examples of how force of nationalism led independent states to join into a new nation Nationalism can also work another way: force of nationalism can lead people under the rule of a foreign power to fight for their independence like in Latin America