大学物理（热学） Review Examples Order and Disorder 2006-12-27 2019/5/6.

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大学物理（热学） Review Examples Order and Disorder 2006-12-27 2019/5/6

(Q/T)=0 e= W/ QH = 1-QL/QH =1-TL/TH QL/ TL=QH /TH, QH/ TH-QL /TL =0 Clausius’ deduction (1865) e= W/ QH = 1-QL/QH =1-TL/TH QL/ TL=QH /TH, QH/ TH-QL /TL =0 (Q/T)=0

(Q1/ T1+Q2 /T2)+(-Q2 /T2 +Q3 /T3 )+…+ (-Q6 /T6 +Q7 /T7 )=0

(Q/T)<0 Irreversible: e= W/ QH = 1-QL/QH < 1-TL/TH QL/ TL>QH /TH (Q/T)<0

For isolated system: S  0 R&IR For isolated system: S  0

Clausius’ Statement “The energy of the universe is a constant. The entropy of the universe approaches a maximum.”

Example 20-6 Entropy change in melting. A 1.00-kg piece of ice at 0oC melts very slowly to water at 0oC. Assume the ice in contact with a heat reservoir whose temperature is only infinitesimally greater than 0oC. Determine the entropy change of (a) the ice cube and (b) the heat reservoir.

Example 20-7 Entropy change when mixing water. A sample of 50.0 kg of water at 20.0oC is mixed with 50.0 kg of water at 24.0oC. Estimate the change in entropy without using calculus.

Example 20-8 Entropy changes in a free expansion. Consider the adiabatic free expansion of n moles of an ideal gas from volume V1 to volume V2, where V2 > V1. Calculate the change in entropy (a) of the gas and (b) of the surrounding environment. (c) Evaluate S for 1.00 mole, with V2 = 2.00 V1.

Second Law “Natural processes tend to move toward a state of greater disorder.”

等几率假定

S=kBlnW