Biology Chapter Two Principles of Ecology

2.1 Organisms and Their Environment Objectives: Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic factors in the environment. Compare the different levels of biological organization and living relationships important in ecology. Explain the difference between a niche and a habitat.

2.1 What is Ecology? What are the root words of the word “ecology”? What do ecologists study? What kind of data is useful for ecological research? Name some other scientific fields that contribute information or techniques to ecology.

2.1 What is Ecology? Biosphere: Abiotic factor: Biotic factor: Levels of Organization in Ecology: ___________

2.1 What is Ecology? Organisms in Ecosystems Habitat: Niche:

2.1 What is Ecology? Living Relationships Symbiosis: Commensalism: Mutualism: Parasitism:

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow Objectives: Compare how organisms satisfy their nutritional needs. Trace the path of energy and matter in an ecosystem. Analyze how nutrients are cycled in the abiotic and biotic parts of the biosphere.

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow How Organisms Obtain Energy The Producers: Autotrophs Root words… auto means “self” trophe means “____________” Examples:

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow How Organisms Obtain Energy The Consumers: Heterotrophs Root words… hetero means “other” trophe means “nutrition” Examples:

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow How Organisms Obtain Energy The Consumers: Heterotrophs Types include: Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Also… Scavengers & Decomposers

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow Matter & Energy Flow in Ecosystems “A food chain is a simple model to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem.” Why do most food chains have 5 or fewer links?

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow Matter & Energy Flow in Ecosystems Food web: A model of all possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community. What is a trophic level?

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow Matter & Energy Flow in Ecosystems Ecological Pyramids show how ____________ flows through an ecosystem. Base of the pyramid = 1st trophic level, the ____________ Higher trophic levels are stacked on top.

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow Compare Figure 2.18, Figure 2.19, and Figure 2.20 in your textbook. Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass How are these models similar? How are they different?

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow – Cycles in Nature Energy used in an ecosystem can be replenished by ______________. Matter (chemical elements), on the other hand, must be _______________.

2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow Matter & Energy Flow in Ecosystems Name some examples of matter (elements) that cycle through the ecosystem: Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Water

Carbon Cycle

Carbon Dioxide: Sources & Sinks 1. BTB is an abbreviation for an indicator solution called _________________________ __________________________. When the color of liquid BTB (in solution with water) changes from blue to yellow, it indicates that the solution has become more acidic (so its pH has gone _______________).

Carbon Dioxide: Sources & Sinks 2. The pH scale ranges from a low of 0 (for the most ___________________ substances) up to a high of __________ (for the most alkaline, or basic, substances). A pH of seven (7) is considered to be ________________________ because it contains an equal amount of acidity and alkalinity.

Carbon Dioxide: Sources & Sinks 3. In water, carbon dioxide (CO2) dissociates to form an acid and bicarbonate. Therefore, if CO2 is released into BTB solution, the color of the liquid will turn _____________________ because the pH went _________________ . In this case, the treatment involved a source of CO2.

Carbon Dioxide: Sources & Sinks 4. Conversely, if CO2 is removed from BTB solution, the color of the liquid will turn _______________________ because its pH went _____________. In this case, the treatment is a model for one kind of CO2 sink (or reservoir).

Biology Chapter Three Communities & Biomes

3.1 Communities Learning Objectives: Explain how limiting factors and ranges of tolerance affect distribution of organisms. Sequence the stages of ecological succession.

3.1 Communities What is a limiting factor? Can be a _______ or ________ factor Restricts (one of four things, below) of organisms. _____________

3.1 Communities What does it mean to say that an organism has a large (or wide) range of tolerance? …small (or narrow) range of tolerance? What are some examples/characteristics?

3.1 Communities What is succession? “Orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in communities of an ecosystem over time” Examples?

3.1 Communities Primary vs. Secondary Succession Primary succession – New sites are colonized

3.1 Communities Primary vs. Secondary Succession Secondary succession – Community changes after natural disasters or human actions Colonization and Pioneers? …but this isn’t history class!!!! …or IS IT??!

Primary or Secondary Succession? Possible pioneer species? What do you see - Primary or Secondary Succession? Possible pioneer species?

What is a climax community? Stable, mature Little change in species It’s a somewhat outdated idea…but it’s in your book.

3.2 Biomes Aquatic vs. Terrestrial A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of ______________ community. Aquatic vs. Terrestrial

3.2 Biomes Aquatic: Marine Biomes (see National Geographic poster) Most biomass of any biome on Earth Mostly microscopic organisms Amount of sunlight  different zones Photic zone – Shallow or clear; lots of plankton Aphotic zone – Dark and deep; scarce food (see National Geographic poster)

3.2 Biomes Aquatic: Estuaries “Coastal body of water, partially surrounded by land, in which freshwater and saltwater mix.” Variation in salinity

3.2 Biomes Aquatic: Intertidal Zone Changes twice daily (tides) What kind of adaptations would intertidal species have?

3.2 Biomes Aquatic: Freshwater Biomes Lakes, ponds, and wetlands Concentric bands of different species of plants and animals Like ocean, also have photic/aphotic zones and a temperature gradient

3.2 Biomes Terrestrial Biomes Examples? What two abiotic factors influence the type of climax community that forms? (see Fig. 3.11) Temperature Precipitation Question: Why are climax communities of plants used to identify terrestrial biomes, and not animals?

3.2 Biomes Terrestrial Biomes (see Focus on Biomes, pgs. 78-79) Two circle the north pole: tundra and taiga Tundra Treeless Long summer days; short daylight during winter Permafrost Taiga (northern coniferous forest) Mixed pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce trees