The Scientific Method Imagine a police investigation of a car accident. You are the detective. How would you figure out what happened?

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Presentation transcript:

The Scientific Method Imagine a police investigation of a car accident. You are the detective. How would you figure out what happened?

Step 1: Make observations and collect data Step 2: Form a Hypothesis (also called an educated guess) - I think this is what happened…. Step 3: Do experiments to test your hypothesis Step 4: Revise hypothesis, if necessary, according to experimental data Step 5: Draw a final conclusion: “This is what happened”

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy: Extent to which a measured value agrees with an accepted (true) value. Factors that affect accuracy - Human error - avoid by taking several measurements Method error - avoid by using standardized methods Example: error due to parallax Parallax - Shift of an objects apparent position when viewed from different angles. Avoid by proper maintenance and calibration Instrument error - Examples: warping of meter stick balance sticking or not calibrated

8.4 cm Precision Degree of exactness or refinement of a measurement Based on limitation of the instrument 8 9 cm 8.4 cm Estimated digit Read as

Consider 8 9 cm Read as: 8. 4 2 cm * Proper precision: record measurements to 1/10 of smallest division on a scale Meter stick or ruler: estimate to 1/10 of a mm or 1/100 of cm

Consider cm 9 8 Read as: 8. 4 cm

Consider cm 9 8 Read as: 8. cm

- indicates how reproducible the results are. Data Sets Accuracy - How close a measurement or set of measurements are to a true or accepted value Example: A student’s known height is 169.40 cm. Another student measures it as 154.30 cm. ( not very accurate) The nurse measures it as 169.35 cm ( accurate) Precision of a group of measurements: How closely the measurements agree to one another. - indicates how reproducible the results are.

Precise & Accurate Not Precise Not Precise Not Accurate Analogy with shots at a target. Precise & Accurate Precise Not Accurate Not Precise Fairly Accurate Not Precise Not Accurate

True/Accepted Value: 21.00 cm Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 21.00 cm 21.01 cm 21.02 cm 20.98 cm 21.00 cm 22.00 cm 18.00 cm 23.00 cm 17.50 cm 17.52 cm 17.48 cm 17.45 cm 17.51 cm Avg 21.00 cm 21.00 cm 17.49 cm Accurate and precise Accurate not precise Precise not accurate

The following students measure the density of pieces of lead three times. The density of lead is actually 11.34 g/cm3. Identify the following sets of data as accurate or precise. 1) 11.32 g/cm3, 11.35 g/cm3, 11.33 g/cm3 2) 11.43 g/cm3, 11.44 g/cm3, 11.42 g/cm3 3) 11.55 g/cm3, 11.34 g/cm3, 11.04 g/cm3