Prenatal exposure to sand and dust storms and children's cognitive function in China: a quasi-experimental study Zhihui Li, MS, Lincoln Chen, MD, Mingqiang.

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Prenatal exposure to sand and dust storms and children's cognitive function in China: a quasi-experimental study Zhihui Li, MS, Lincoln Chen, MD, Mingqiang Li, ScD, Jessica Cohen, PhD The Lancet Planetary Health Volume 2, Issue 5, Pages e214-e222 (May 2018) DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30068-8 Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Sample selection Observations are those included in the analyses of (A) word recognition and mathematics test scores and (B) the age at which children began speaking in whole sentences and counting from one to ten. The Lancet Planetary Health 2018 2, e214-e222DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30068-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Days of sand and dust storm exposure in studied regions by month, 2000–12 The Lancet Planetary Health 2018 2, e214-e222DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30068-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Sand and dust storm exposure and cognitive health, by gestational month of exposure The incidence of sand and dust storms is divided by ten; coefficients represent the change in outcomes with 10 additional days of in-utero exposure to sand and dust storms. Observations are clustered at province-dialect zone level. We adjusted for the children's, parents', and household's characteristics shown in table 1. We also adjusted for children's birth months, children's postnatal exposure to sand and dust storm, and the monthly average meteorological conditions. We included one dummy variable for each province-dialect zone to control for the regional characteristics, as well as a dummy variable for each year to control for the year fixed effect. Error bars show 95% CIs (based on the region fixed-effect model). The Lancet Planetary Health 2018 2, e214-e222DOI: (10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30068-8) Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Terms and Conditions