Agenda diēs Lunae, a.d. iv Id. Sept. A.D. MMXVIII HW Check: syllabus/policies, signed Review of Pronouns: Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, Reflexive, Interrogative Substantive Adjectives Review of Syntax 1: Uses of the Accusative Case Practice with Review Topics Pensum: Binder 1 due tomorrow (divided into sections on syllabus) Complete Review Worksheet #1 Study Vocab. List 1 Latin Prose Mr. Finnigan Boston Latin School

Pronouns & Adjectives Review pronouns are little words that take the place of nouns there are several different types of pronouns: personal (ego/nōs; tu/vos) reflexive (suī, sibi, sē, sē) demonstrative (hic; ille; is; ipse) relative (quī, quae, quod) interrogative (quis, quid) indefinite (aliquis, aliquid; quīdam; quisque; quisquam) most of these pronouns also have an adjective form that is identical or similar in form to review forms, see pp. 11-14 in the grammar packet

Syntax of Pronouns PERSONAL PRONOUNS nom. generally not expressed in Latin except for emphasis or to signal a subject when the verb is far away gen. is never used to show possession; Latin uses the possessive personal adj. for this (meus, noster, tuus, vester) in the gen. pl. -um forms (nostrum, vestrum) are used as partitive gen. -ī forms (nostrī, vestrī) are used as objective gen. in the abl. of accompaniment, cum attaches to the end, e.g.: mēcum, tēcum, nobīscum, vobīscum (not cum mē, cum tē, etc.) there is no 3rd person personal pronoun in Latin; instead, we use the demonstrative is, ea, id

Syntax of Pronouns REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS exists primarily in the 3rd person (suī, sibi, sē, sē) the SG and PL are the same in form there is no nominative form of the reflexive pronoun 1st & 2nd person do exist; they are the same as the personal pronouns except there is no nom. form there are also reflexive possessive adjectives (suus, -a, -um) called reflexives because they ‘turn back’ to the subject to get their meaning in indirect statement, reflexives refer to subject of HV in subordinate clauses, reflexives may refer to subject of the clause or the main verb; use context to figure out which

Syntax of Pronouns INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS RELATIVE PRONOUNS used to introduce relative clauses, which provide more information about an antecedent agree with the antecedent in gender and number, but case is determined by its use in the relative clause INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS used to ask questions, either direct or indirect DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS they are used to point out (dēmonstrāre) something nearby in space or in the text demonstratives become pronouns through their function as substantive adjectives

Substantive Adjectives adjectives are generally used to describe nouns sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL Masc. Fem. Neut.

Substantive Adjectives adjectives are generally used to describe nouns sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL Masc. man Fem. Neut.

Substantive Adjectives adjectives are generally used to describe nouns sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL Masc. man men, people Fem. Neut.

Substantive Adjectives adjectives are generally used to describe nouns sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL Masc. man men, people Fem. woman Neut.

Substantive Adjectives adjectives are generally used to describe nouns sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL Masc. man men, people Fem. woman women Neut.

Substantive Adjectives adjectives are generally used to describe nouns sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL Masc. man men, people Fem. woman women Neut. thing

Substantive Adjectives adjectives are generally used to describe nouns sometimes an adjective stands alone; when it does, it is functioning as a noun – this is called a substantive substantives are translated according to gender and number SG PL Masc. man men, people Fem. woman women Neut. thing things

Uses of the Accusative Case

Uses of the Accusative Case DIRECT OBJECT expresses the receiver of the action of a transitive verb the most common use of the accusative case SUBJECT the subject of an infinitive is always in the accusative case, never the nom. acc. can never be the subject of an indicative verb

Uses of the Accusative Case PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE similar to the pred. nom. in that it provides more information or describes another word in the sentence pred. nom. describes the subject nominative pred. acc. describes the direct obj. (or subject acc. in ind. st.) pred. acc. is used with verbs of making, naming, choosing, calling, or appointing, in the active when these verbs appear in the passive, they take a pred. nom. in indirect statement, also used with forms of sum

Uses of the Accusative Case PLACE TO WHICH expresses the place or end toward which an action is heading must have a verb of motion uses the prepositions ad, in, or sub exceptions: the names of cities, towns, and small islands, and the nouns domum (home) and rus (country) do NOT need a prep.

Uses of the Accusative Case DURATION OF TIME & EXTENT OF SPACE these uses are related but are slightly different both do not use a preposition both answer the question ‘for how long?’, BUT D.o.T. refers only to time E.o.S. refers only to physical space

Uses of the Accusative Case – Practice Caesar dīxit sē in Galliam iter factūrum esse. Caesar omnia, quae usuī navibus erant, parāverat. Caesar in Galliā multōs annōs bellum gerēbat. Mīlitēs ducem imperatōrem vocābunt. Aeneās dīxit, “Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvābit.” Cicero putābat Catilīnam vastāre rem publicam velle. Catilīna intellexit Marcum Tullium cōnsulem ēlectum esse.

Uses of the Accusative Case – Practice Imperātor cum omnibus copiīs in proelium maturāverat. Dux suōs oppugnāre castra iussit. Vir fēminaque fīlium Mārcum appellant. Mīlia passuum XVIII murum perducunt. Caesar arbitrātus est Pompeium malum esse. Catilīna domum Cicerōnis īre et eum interficere voluit.