H.D. Donoghue Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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Insights gained from palaeomicrobiology into ancient and modern tuberculosis H.D. Donoghue Clinical Microbiology and Infection Volume 17, Issue 6, Pages 821-829 (June 2011) DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03554.x Copyright © 2011 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 1 Working model of the evolutionary scheme of tubercle bacilli [68], which was based on earlier versions [54,59]. There is a unidirectional successive loss of DNA, and the scheme is based on the presence or absence of conserved regions of difference (RDs) (TbD1) and sequence polymorphisms in five selected genes. The model is schematic, and the distances between certain branches do not necessarily correspond to calculated phylogenetic differences. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2011 17, 821-829DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03554.x) Copyright © 2011 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 2 The global burden of tuberculosis (TB) estimated by the WHO. Each section of the pyramid drawn is roughly to scale, and the bar to the right represents the spectrum of different lesion types seen in latent infections [69]. PPD. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2011 17, 821-829DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03554.x) Copyright © 2011 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

FIG. 3 A single clone or small subset of a population of a free-living bacterium (left) invades a new pathogenic niche, founding a population of low diversity. The pathogen becomes reproductively isolated from the ancestral population (right), and the pathogenic lifestyle precludes genetic exchange among members of the clone as it expands into its new niche. The accumulation of mutations in different branches generates a fingerprint of polymorphisms characteristic of each branch, enabling the phylogeny to be precisely reconstructed from whole genome sequence data [70]. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2011 17, 821-829DOI: (10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03554.x) Copyright © 2011 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions